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AP Psych: Structure of Language

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Section 1

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Proto-words

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (37)

Section 1

(37 cards)

Proto-words

Front

When a child substitutes a word for one that the don't know and it has meaning for them but not for us

Back

Skinner (monist)

Front

Behaviorist Theory: Children lean language through reinforcement (approval/reward) and correction

Back

Semantics

Front

The meaning of the word Ex: There is no difference in meaning between pop and soda

Back

Cooing (0-6 months of age)

Front

Vocalization that consists of vowel sounds and expresses contentment

Back

Bohannon and Bonvillian

Front

Nature via nurture; Humans are pre-wired for language but without environment, they cannot speak with any level of sophisitication

Back

Holophrase

Front

A single word that conveys the meaning of a sentence followed by signing or signaling Ex: "up" means the child wants to be picked up

Back

Phonemes

Front

The smallest speech units of sound used in a language. They are consonants that sound the same. Ex: The difference between the word sounds in "pat" and "bat" or "pike" and "bike"

Back

Overextension

Front

When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions that is meant to Ex: All vehicles are trucks or all men in suits is daddy

Back

Does bilingualism slow down language development or cognitive skill?

Front

No

Back

Syntax

Front

The order that the words are in Ex: Where the verb is placed in a sentence (I want to see mommy store go)

Back

Benjamin Whorf

Front

Our environment and culture determines language; Eskimos have 20 different words for snow

Back

Grammar

Front

Using nouns, verbs, and adjectives correctly in a sentence

Back

Fast mapping

Front

How children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

Back

Productive Vocab

Front

Using speech

Back

Morphemes

Front

The smallest unit of meaning in a language. There are 50,000 morphemes in the English language. Ex: Unspeakable = Not being able to speak

Back

Communicative Competence

Front

The ability to use language in a socially appropriate way in a particular culture

Back

Chimps vs. Toddlers

Front

A normal human toddler can surpass the most successfully trained chimp in language; Humans have higher linguistic abilities than animals

Back

Receptive Vocab

Front

Understanding Speech

Back

Babbling (6-18 months of age)

Front

The first words are derived from babbling and parents give meaning to it Canonical: alternations of vowels and consonants that sound like speech Ex: dadadada Conversational: infants use adult like stress and intonation with gestures

Back

Chomsky (dualist)

Front

Nativist Theory: Language acquisition device (LAD) - a neurological pathway that facilitates language and prompts children to use the correct rules of their language

Back

2 word sentences (18-24 months of age)

Front

Consists of 2 nouns and are hard to understand Ex: "Daddy car"

Back

The 4 progressive steps to producing sound

Front

1) Discerning the sound patterns of a language 2) Words and their meanings 3) Forming sentences using correct syntax 4) Using language in a socially acceptable manner

Back

Washoe (1969)

Front

A chimp who could sign about 160 words but could not use language creatively. He only learned words through reward

Back

First words (9-18 months of age)

Front

There is a vocabulary spurt where their word usage increases to about 250 words

Back

Stephen Pinker's Theory

Front

Language is not only universal but adaptive; If prehistoric man had sophisticated language, it would have aided in hunting, farming, fighting, avoidance of predators, and mating

Back

Wernike's Area

Front

Located in the left temporal lobe of the brain and is responsible for speech comprehension

Back

Johnson and Newport (1989)

Front

Did research on immigrants' age of arrival to the US and their mastery of English grammar (longitudinal study) Between ages 3 and 7: individuals can learn another language as well as their native language Between ages 8 and 39: there is a steady decline in proficiency

Back

Crying (0-6 months of age)

Front

Occurs when the infant is overly aroused and needs feeding, changing, or sleep

Back

Bilingual vs. Monolingual

Front

Bilingual students tend to score somewhat higher on measure of analytical reasoning and selective reasoning than monolingual students

Back

Arab Spring

Front

"Time is money"

Back

Telegraphic Speech

Front

When children add a verb to their sentences and omit any words that are not essential to the meaning of the sentence

Back

Kanzie (1990)

Front

A chimp who could use 220 words via computer and could use language creatively

Back

Factors that motivate us to learn another language

Front

Social and cognitive skills

Back

Learn vs. Acquire

Front

Children ACQUIRE language but need to LEARN the social rules of the language

Back

Underextension

Front

When a child incorrectly sees a word to describe a narrow set of objects than it is meant to Ex: A child's mother calls the child's grandmother "mom," and the child says "No! You're my mom"

Back

Baby Language Acquisition

Front

1) Crying 2) Cooing 3) Babbling 4) First words

Back

Broca's Area

Front

Located in the left frontal lobe of the brain and is responsible for controlling the muscles producing speech

Back