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Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

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Pathology

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Last updated

6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (97)

Section 1

(50 cards)

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

Front

the resistance to the flow of blood through the entire systemic circulation

Back

Cholecystitis

Front

inflammation of the gallbladder

Back

respiratory tract epithelium?

Front

psuedostratified ciliated columnar

Back

Physiological example of hypertrophy

Front

due to increased workload a) enlargement of skeletal muscle in body builder b) uterus enlargement during pregnancy

Back

blood pressure calculation

Front

BP = CO x TPR

Back

Prussian blue stain

Front

used to demonstrate ferric (Fe3+) iron in tissues. The mode of action for the Prussian blue iron stain is to treat the tissue with an acidic solution (hydrochloric acid).

Back

Transitional epithelium found in?

Front

bladder and ureter

Back

Psoriasis (skin hyperplasia)

Front

chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales

Back

myocardial infarction

Front

the occlusion of one or more coronary arteries caused by plaque buildup (heart attack) necrosis- cell death, gross change seen as a white patch in the ventricular wall

Back

Types of hyperplasia

Front

a) physiologic: due to normal stress b) pathologic

Back

endometrium under influence of progesterone

Front

impairs growth of endometrium

Back

Common stains used in pathology:

Front

hematoxylin stains nucleus, bacteria, calcium in blue color eosin stains cytoplasm, RBC, collagen, colloid, fibrin in pink color

Back

hyperplasia

Front

increase in number of cells

Back

Metaplasia is due to ?

Front

due to chronic irritation Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Back

Atherosclerosis

Front

condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries

Back

Lipofuscin

Front

yellow brown indigestible pigment in old cells stuck in the cytoplasm

Back

Labile cells

Front

Bone marrow, gut epithelium, skin, hair follicles cells under stress undergoes hyperplasia

Back

atrophy

Front

decrease in size of organ

Back

Squamous Metaplasia- respiratory tract due to smoking

Front

transition from glandular epithelium(pseudostratified) to squamous epithelium

Back

Rabies virus

Front

Negri bodies are characteristic cytoplasmic inclusions in neurons affected by rabies virus Causes fatal encephalitis w/ seizures, hydrophobia, hypersalivation, and pharyngeal spasm. Travels to CNS by migrating in a retrograde fashion up nerve axons.

Back

The common cold has a _____________ prognosis

Front

good

Back

Cardiac cells can increase in size under stress causing______

Front

hypertrophy

Back

Permanent cells

Front

neurons, skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle

Back

bening prostatic hyperplasia

Front

enlarged prostatic gland

Back

squamous epithelium to glandular epithelium

Front

Back

Squamous epithelium found in?

Front

flat, scale-like cells found in: skin, oral cavity, esophagus, cervix, anus

Back

Oil red O stain

Front

Stains lipid red

Back

Negri bodies are pathognomonic for what disease process?

Front

rabies infection

Back

excess estrogen in contraceptive pills:

Front

stimulates endometrium growth (hyperplasia)

Back

Pathology

Front

study of disease

Back

poliomyelitis

Front

decreased innervation to the muscle, produces atrophy to the muscle

Back

HIV

Front

A virus that attacks and destroys the human immune system.

Back

4 ways cell adaptation upon stressful situations

Front

1. hyperplasia 2. hypertrophy 3. metaplasia 4. atrophy

Back

good prognosis

Front

recovery is likely

Back

paraffin wax

Front

has excellent sealing properties to hold moisture

Back

poor prognosis

Front

permanent disability or death

Back

increased size of uterus due to __________

Front

physiological hyperplasia

Back

Pathologic examples of hypertrophy

Front

due to abnormal stress 1. Patient suffering from hypertension: left ventricular hypertrophy

Back

hypertrophy

Front

increase in cell size

Back

Effects of menopause, due to estrogen level drop

Front

weak bones vaginal dryness

Back

gynecomastia

Front

development of breast tissue in males due to excess levels of estrogen

Back

adrenal gland hyperplasia

Front

excess ACTH production

Back

Thyroid gland development

Front

embryonic structure that undergoes atrophy The thyroid originates from two main structures: the primitive pharynx and the neural crest. ... The thyroid initially arises caudal to the tuberculum impar, which is also known as the median tongue bud

Back

Metaplasia

Front

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type

Back

Glandular metaplasia of the esophageal squamous epithelium in response to chronic gastro-esophageal reflux (GERD)

Front

this esophagus is called Barrett's esophagus

Back

3 types of cells

Front

1. Labile- continuously dividing 2. Stable- not continuously dividing(have capacity to divide) 3. Permanent- incapable of dividing

Back

endometrium under influence of estrogen

Front

stimulates growth of endometrium

Back

Stable cells

Front

smooth muscle, kidney cells, hepatocytes

Back

and_ tend to occur together ?

Front

hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Back

Glandular epithelium is found in?

Front

digestive tract

Back

Section 2

(47 cards)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Front

contains lipid in its cell wall

Back

karyorrhexis

Front

fragmentation of nucleus

Back

Mechanism of apoptosis

Front

a) Initiation of apoptosis: Cells initiate cell death by activating enzymes such as caspases--> activate proteases (break cytoskeleton), endonuclease (breaks DNA into small pieces) to degrade their own nuclear DNA and nuclear & cytoplasmic protein b) Execution of apoptosis: cell membrane remains intact the apoptotic cell breaks into fragments called apoptotic bodies containing portions of cytoplasm and nucleus Apoptotic bodies are phagocytosed by macrophages Does NOT generate an inflammatory response

Back

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Front

infects T lymphocytes that eventually die by apoptosis

Back

Pyknosis

Front

nuclear shrinkage and darkening irreversible injury

Back

29-year-old man hospitalized for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is found to have pulmonary tuberculosis. Which type of necrosis is found in the granulomatous lesions (clusters of modified macrophages) characteristic of this increasingly frequent complication of AIDS?

Front

Back

What are major types of necrosis ?

Front

coagulative necrosis liquefactive necrosis

Back

psamomma bodies

Front

apoptosis of neoplastic cell(tumor cell) with subsequent calcification **in thyroid gland cancer

Back

Physical trauma to the breast causes?

Front

adipose tissue trauma relesases fat into the surrounding tissue and is converted into free fatty acid + Ca+ calcium salts(soap) are formed by combination of calcium with FFA

Back

Cut of blood supply to certain organs such as____,_,_______ result in?

Front

kidney, heart, spleen coagulative necrosis

Back

dysregulated apoptosis

Front

excessive or insufficient apoptosis is harmful example: HIV excessive death of T lymphocytes

Back

Nuclear changes in necrotic cells(irreversible)

Front

1. pyknosis 2. karyorrhexis 3. karyolysis

Back

Hepatitis

Front

inflammation of the liver 5 types: HAV HBV HCV HDV HEV

Back

Karyolysis

Front

dissolution of nucleus

Back

What structures undergo apoptosis in order to differentiate female and male organ formation?

Front

Wolffian duct: forms the testes Mullerian duct (remains in females): development of cervix and uterus

Back

caseous necrosis

Front

degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance casein found in milk

Back

Coagulative necrosis

Front

develops because of loss of blood supply to any organ the cell outline(architecture) is maintained

Back

Liquefactive necrosis on the brain occurs

Front

a) infarction of the brain (enzymes from dead cells) b) bacterial infection

Back

Most common cause of hypoxia

Front

ischemia (reduced blood supply)

Back

cells of the outer layer of the epidermis undergo

Front

apoptosis

Back

2 types of fat necrosis

Front

a) traumatic b) enzymatic

Back

The thymus gland is seen in children and not on adults because it undergoes what process?

Front

apoptosis

Back

BCL2 gene

Front

Back

Swelling of the cell is a sign of________________

Front

reversible necrosis

Back

common cause of ischemia

Front

atherosclerosis plaque rupture thrombus

Back

During menses what happens to the endometrial cells?

Front

apoptosis of endometrial cells

Back

Hypocalcemia

Front

deficient calcium in the blood

Back

coagulative necrosis under microscope

Front

increased eosinophilia of the cytoplasm preservation of the general cellular architecture Nuclei are either absent or undergoing karyorrhexis.

Back

2 instances when we see caseous necrosis?

Front

a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria infection b) Histoplasma capsulated fungal infection

Back

Saponification

Front

Process of soap formation; as related to decomposition, the conversion of fatty tissues of the body into a soapy waxy substance called adipocere or grave wax.

Back

BAX gene

Front

promotes apoptosis (genetically controlled programmed single cell) activation of enzymes is required: caspases

Back

If blood supply of the heart is cut off the heart(ischemia), what type of necrosis is seen?

Front

coagulative necrosis hypoxia Accumulation of lactic acid denaturation of lysosomal enzymes cell architecture will be preserved

Back

Most common cause of cell injury

Front

hypoxia

Back

irreversible injury of myocardial cell

Front

1.disruption of the membranes white patch: depicts cell death

Back

myocardial cell hypertrophy

Front

due to hypertension or hypoxia

Back

Loss of blood supply to the brain results in_____________necrosis

Front

liquefactive due to: a) high liquid content brain cells b)high lysosomal contents that fragment the cell and eventually liquefying the cell

Back

neoplasm

Front

tumor

Back

_________ is never physiological

Front

necrosis

Back

Factors that lead to DNA mutation

Front

UV rays

Back

Pancreas

Front

high fat content enzymes(inactive) released into the intestine via pancreatic duct: amylase digestion of carbohydrates tripsin digestion of protein lipase digestion of fats

Back

Apoptosis occurs during:

Front

1. DNA damage(cancer) 2. normal growth and development (mullerian duct and webbing of fingers) **can be physiological or pathological

Back

Councilman bodies

Front

dying hepatocytes in viral hepatitis

Back

Enzymatic fat necrosis is seen in patients with?

Front

acute pancreatitis(inflammation) commonly seen in alcoholics chalky white calcium salt deposit around the pancreas hypocalcimia due to salt formation

Back

2 mechanism of cell death

Front

1. apoptosis: mostly single programmed cell death (genetically controlled-gene activation) 2. necrosis: uncontrolled by genes (multiple cell death)

Back

apoptosis occurs during 2 instances?

Front

a) growth and development b) When DNA sustains irreparable damage--> can lead to cancer

Back

Alzheimer's disease

Front

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by neuronal death(apoptosis)

Back

reversible injury of myocardial cell

Front

generally effects are only functional, without any readily apparent gross or even microscopic changes.

Back