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compound data type
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Section 1
(50 cards)
compound data type
A data type that is itself made up of elements that are themselves values.
low-level langauge
A programming language that is designed to be easy for a computer to execute; also called machine language or assembly language
conditional statement
One program structure within another, such as a conditional statement inside a branch of another conditional statement
statement
instruction that the Python interpreter can execute
decrement
To subtract one from a variable.
syntax
The structure of a program
iteration
Repeated execution of a set of programming statements.
float
A Python data type which stores floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers are stored internally in two parts: a base and an exponent. When printed in the standard format, they look like decimal numbers
keyword
define the language's syntax rules and structure, and they cannot be used as variable names
runtime error
An error that does not occur until the program has started to execute but that prevents the program from continuing.
fruitful function
A function that returns a value when it is called.
nested loop
A loop inside the body of another loop.
exception
Raised by the runtime system if something goes wrong while the program is running.
increment
Both as a noun and as a verb, increment means to increase by 1.
string
contains a string of letters
parameter
A name used inside a function to refer to the value which was passed to it as an argument.
modulus operator
%, works on integers (and integer expressions) and gives the remainder when the first number is divided by the second
format operator
The % operator takes a format string and a tuple of values and generates a string by inserting the data values into the format string at the appropriate locations.
trace
To follow the flow of execution of a program by hand, recording the change of state of the variables and any output produced.
bug
an error in a program
boolean function
A function that returns a Boolean value. The only possible values of the bool type are False and True.
A function used in a program or script that causes the Python interpreter to display a value on its output device.
immutable type
A compound data type whose elements can NOT be assigned new values.
iteration
To repeat a section of code.
semantic error
An error in a program that makes it do something other than what the programmer intended.
None
A special Python value. One use in Python is that it is returned by functions that do not execute a return statement with a return argument.
token
basic elements of a language(letters, numbers, symbols)
variable
name that refers to a value
evaluate
To simplify an expression by performing the operations in order to yield a single value.
definite iteration
A loop where we have an upper bound on the number of times the body will be executed. Definite iteration is usually best coded as a for loop
conditional statement
A statement that controls the flow of execution depending on some condition. In Python the keywords if, elif, and else are used for conditional statements.
semantic
the meaning of a program
algorithm
A set of specific steps for solving a category of problems
file
A named entity, usually stored on a hard drive, floppy disk, or CD-ROM, that contains a stream of characters.
comment
in a program that is meant for other programmers (or anyone reading the source code) and has no effect on the execution of the program
dictionary
A collection of key/value pairs that maps from keys to values.
syntax error
An error in a program that makes it impossible to parse — and therefore impossible to interpret.
flow of execution
The order in which statements are executed during a program run.
block
A group of consecutive statements with the same indentation.
aliases
Multiple variables that contain references to the same object.
clone
To create a new object that has the same value as an existing object. Copying a reference to an object creates an alias but doesn't clone the object.
high-level language
A programming language like Python that is designed to be easy for humans to read and write.
assignment statement
gives value to a variable
operators
special tokens that represent computations like addition, multiplication and division
global variable
Can be seen through a program module, even inside of functions.
local variable
A variable defined inside a function. A local variable can only be used inside its function. Parameters of a function are also a special kind of local variable.
boolean expression
An expression that is either true or false.
int
A Python data type that holds positive and negative whole numbers
type conversion
An explicit function call that takes a value of one type and computes a corresponding value of another type.
function
A named sequence of statements that performs some useful operation. Functions may or may not take parameters and may or may not produce a result
Section 2
(50 cards)
lambda
A piece of code which can be executed as if it were a function but without a name. (It is also a keyword used to create such an anonymous function.)
True/False: The integrity of a program's output is only as good as the integrity of its input. For this reason the program should discard input that is invalid and prompt the user to enter correct data.
True
The acronym ?? refers to the fact that the computer cannot tell the difference between good data and bad data.
GIGO
In Python, a comma-separated sequence of data items that are enclosed in a set of brackets is called a _____.
list
proprioception
on a robot, internal sensing mechanisms. On a human, a sense of the relative positions of different parts of ones own body.
True/False: In flowcharting, the decision structure and the repetition structure both use the diamond symbol to represent the condition that is tested.
True
argument
a value provided to a function when the function is called. This value is assigned to the corresponding parameter in the function.
_____ is the process of inspecting data that has been input to a program to make sure it is valid before it is used in a computation.
Input validation
When will the following loop terminate? while keep_on_going != 999 :
When keep_on_going refers to a value equal to 999
operator
A special symbol that represents a simple computation like addition, multiplication, or string concatenation.
short circuit evaluation
When a boolean expression is evaluated the evaluation starts at the left hand expression and proceeds to the right, stopping when it is no longer necessary to evaluate any further to determine the final outcome.
True/False: In Python, an infinite loop usually occurs when the computer accesses the wrong memory address.
False
True/False: The first line in the while loop is referred to as the condition clause.
False
module
A file containing definitions and statements intended to be imported by other programs.
integer division
An operation that divides one integer by another and yields an integer. Integer division yields only the whole number of times that the numerator is divisible by the denominator and discards any remainder.
What are the values that the variable num contains through the iterations of the following for loop? for num in range(4)
0, 1, 2, 3
The while loop is known as a(n) ?? loop because it tests conditions before performing an iteration.
Pretest
What is the structure that causes a statement or a set of statements to execute repeatedly?
Repetition
recursion
The process of calling the currently executing function.
The first input operation is called the _____, and its purpose is to get the first input value that will be tested by the validation loop.
Priming read
True/False: To get the total number of iterations of a nested loop, multiply the number of iterations of all the loops.
True
sequence
A data type that is made up of elements organized linearly, with each element accessed by an integer index.
pixel
Smallest addressable element of a picture.
True/False: In a nested loop, the inner loop goes through all of its iterations for every single iteration of an outer loop.
True
In Python, the variable in the for clause is referred to as the _____ because it is the target of an assignment at the beginning of each loop iteration.
Target Variable
In Python, you would use the ?? statement to write a count-controlled loop.
For
mutable type
A compound data type whose elements can be assigned new values.
What are the values that the variable num contains through the iterations of the following for loop? for num in range(2, 9, 2)
2, 4, 6, 8
True/False: Both of the following for clauses would generate the same number of loop iterations: for num in range(4): for num in range(1,5):
True
What is the format for the while clause in Python
while condition :
A(n) ?? total is a sum of numbers that accumulates with each iteration of a loop.
Running
str
converts to a string
A(n) ?? structure causes a statement or set of statements to execute repeatedly.
Repetition
element
One of the values in a list (or other sequence). The bracket operator selects elements of a list.
Programs are commonly referred to as
software
What is the disadvantage of coding in one long sequence structure?
If parts of the duplicated code have to be corrected, the correction has to be made many times.
The ?? function is a built-in function that generates a list of integer values.
Range
True/False: A better way to repeatedly perform an operation is to write the statements for the task once, and then place the statements in a loop that will repeat the statements as many times as necessary.
True
slice
A copy of part of a sequence specified by a series of indices.
A(n) ?? validation loop is sometimes called an error trap or an error handler.
Input
Which of the following represents an example to calculate the sum of the numbers (accumulator)?
total += number
What type of loop structure repeats the code a specific number of times
Count-controlled loop
The variable used to keep the running total
Accumulator
A(n) ??-controlled loop causes a statement or set of statements to repeat as long as a condition is true.
Condition
What is not an example of an augmented assignment operator
<=
A(n) ?? is a special value that marks the end of a sequence of items.
Sentinel
traverse
To repeat an operation on all members of a set from the start to the end.
robot
mechanism or an artificial entity that can be guided by automatic controls.
What type of loop structure repeats the code based on the value of the Boolean expression
Condition-controlled loop
nested list
A list that is itself contained within a list.
Section 3
(50 cards)
_______________ are small central processing unit chips.
micro processors
True/False: The main reason for using secondary storage is to hold data for long periods of time, even when the power supply to the computer is turned off.
True
The disk drive is a secondary storage device that stores data by _____ encoding it onto a spinning circular disk.
magnetically
Which of the following is considered to be the world's first programmable electronic computer
ENIAC
The smallest storage location in a computer's memory
bit
The output of the following print statement is: print 'I\'m ready to begin'
I'm ready to begin
A(n) _______________ is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task.
program
The Python _______________ is a program that can read Python programming statements and execute them.
interpreter
In _______________ mode, the interpreter reads the contents of a file that contains Python statements and executes each statement.
script
True/False: The CPU is able to quickly access data stored at any random location in ROM.
False
Main memory is commonly known as _______________.
RAM
What is the largest value that can be stored in one byte?
255
True/False: Computer programs typically perform three steps: Input is received, some process is performed on the input, and output is produced.
True
After the execution of the following statement, the variable price will reference the value _____. price = int(68.549)
68
True/False: The CPU understands instructions written in a binary machine language.
True
The line continuation character is a _____.
\
The following is an example of an instruction written in which computer language? 10110000
Machine language
True/False: The Python language uses a compiler, which is a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high level language.
False
If value1 is 2.0 and value2 is 12, what is the output of the following command? print(value1 * value2)
24.0
The term _______________ refers to all of the physical devices that a computer is made of.
hardware
What is the output of the following print statement? print('The path is D:\\sample\\test.')
The path is D:\sample\test
True/False: A computer is a single device that performs different types of tasks for its users.
False
After the execution of the following statement, the variable sold will reference the numeric literal value as a(n) _____ data type: sold = 256.752
float
True/False: All programs are normally stored in ROM and loaded into RAM as needed for processing.
False
True/False: Python formats all floating-point numbers to two decimal places when outputting using the print statement.
False
True/False: Python allows programmers to break a statement into multiple lines.
True
True/False: The instruction set for a microprocessor is unique and is typically understood only by the microprocessors of the same brand.
True
In a print statement, you can set the _____ argument to a space or empty string to stop the output from advancing to a new line.
end
_______________ is a type of memory that can hold data for long periods of time, even when there is no power to the computer.
secondary storage
The _______________ is the part of a computer that actually runs programs and is the most important component in a computer.
cpu
Which of the following is not a microprocessor manufacturing company?
Dell
Which computer language uses short words known as mnemonics for writing programs?
Assembly
What is the encoding technique called that is used to store negative numbers in the computer's memory?
two's complement
Which mathematical operator is used to raise five to the second power in Python?
**
What is the informal language that programmers use to create models of programs that have no syntax rules and are not meant to be compiled or executed?
pseudocode
What symbol is used to mark the beginning and end of a string?
Quotation
What type of error produces incorrect results but does not prevent the program from running?
logic
A _____ has no moving parts, and operates faster than a traditional disk drive.
solid state drive
A disk drive stores data by _______________ encoding it onto a circular disk.
magnetically
The process known as the _____ cycle is used by the CPU to execute instructions in a program.
fetch-decode-execute
The _____ function reads a piece of data that has been entered at the keyboard and returns that piece of data, as a string, back to the program.
input
True/False: According to the behavior of integer division, when an integer is divided by an integer, the result will be a float.
False
True/False: RAM is a volatile memory used for temporary storage while a program is running.
True
True/False: In Python, print statements written on separate lines do not necessarily output on separate lines.
True
The program development cycle is made up of _____ steps that are repeated until no errors can be found in the program.
3
What type of volatile memory is usually used only for temporary storage while running a program?
RAM
True/False: A software developer is the person with the training to design, create, and test computer programs.
True
The _____ built-in function is used to read a number that has been typed on the keyboard.
input()
The _____ coding scheme contains a set of 128 numeric codes that are used to represent characters in the computer memory.
ASCII
Where does a computer store a program and the data that the program is working with while the program is running?
Main memory
Section 4
(50 cards)
The _______________ specifier is a special set of characters that specify how a value should be formatted.
formatting
When the + operator is used with two strings, it performs string _______________.
Concatenation
In flowcharting, the _______________ symbol is used to represent a Boolean expression.
diamond
It is recommended that programmers should avoid using _____ variables in a program when possible.
global
The % symbol is the remainder operator and it is also known as the _______________ operator.
modulus
A(n) _______________ character is a special character that is preceded with a backslash, appearing inside a string literal.
escape
True/False: Python allows you to compare strings, but it is not case sensitive.
False
The logical _______________ operator reverses the truth of a Boolean expression.
not
Multiple Boolean expressions can be combined by using a logical operator to create _____ expressions.
compound
When applying the .3f formatting specifier to the following number, 76.15854, the result is _______________.
76.159
True/False: The if statement causes one or more statements to execute only when a Boolean expression is true.
True
The _____ of a local variable is the function in which the variable is created.
scope
A(n) _____ is a variable that receives an argument that is passed into a function.
parameter
Which logical operators perform short-circuit evaluation?
or, and
The _____ design technique can be used to break down an algorithm into functions.
top-down
A(n) _____ chart is also known as a structured chart.
hierarchy
The Python library functions that are built into the Python _____ can be used by simply calling the function.
interpreter
Boolean variable can reference one of two values: _____.
true or false
The _____ argument specifies which parameter the argument should be passed into.
keyword
Python uses _______________ to categorize values in memory.
data types
True/False: The \t escape character causes the output to skip over to the next horizontal tab.
True
A(n) _______________ operator determines whether a specific relationship exists between two values.
relational
A variable's _____ is the part of a program in which the variable may be accessed.
scope
A(n) _______________ decision structure provides only one alternative path of execution.
single alternative
Python provides a special version of a decision structure known as the _______________ statement, which makes the logic of the nested decision structure simpler to write
if elif else
True/False: Expressions that are tested by the if statement are called Boolean expressions.
True
A(n) _______________ is a name that represents a value stored in the computer's memory.
variable
When a function is called by its name, then it is _____.
executed
True/False: Short-circuit evaluation is performed with the not operator.
False
A(n) _______________ expression is made up of two or more Boolean expressions.
compound
A(n) _____ variable is accessible to all the functions in a program file.
global
In a decision structure, the action is _______________ executed because it is performed only when a certain condition is true.
conditionally
The decision structure that has two possible paths of execution is known as _____.
double alternative
A(n) _____ variable is created inside a function.
local
True/False: The Python language is not sensitive to block structuring of code.
False
A(n) _____ structure is a logical design that controls the order in which a set of statements execute.
control
True/False: An action in a single alternative decision structure is performed only when the condition is true.
True
When using the _____ operator, one or both subexpressions must be true for the compound expression to be true.
Or
True/False: Nested decision structures are one way to test more than one condition.
True
True/False: The not operator is a unitary operator and it must be a compound expression.
False
Boolean variables are commonly used as _______________ to indicate whether a specific condition exists.
flags
True/False: Decision structures are also known as selection structures.
True
What is a group of statements that exists within a program for the purpose of performing a specific task?
function
_______________ are notes of explanation that document lines or sections of a program.
comments
The first line in the function definition is known as the function _____.
header
A(n) _______________ statement will execute one block of statements if its condition is true, or another block if its condition is false.
if/else
A set of statements that belong together as a group and contribute to the function definition is known as a(n) _____.
block
The _______________ statement is used to create a decision structure.
If
A(n) _____ constant is a global name that references a value that cannot be changed.
global
A(n) _____ is any piece of data that is passed into a function when the function is called.
argument
Section 5
(50 cards)
Python comes with _____ functions that have been already prewritten for the programmer.
standard
True/False: Python function names follow the same rules for naming variables.
True
True/False: Boolean functions are useful for simplifying complex conditions that are tested in decision and repetition structures.
True
The term __________ is used to describe any mechanism that accepts input, performs some operation that cannot be seen, and produces output.
black box
Given the following function definition, what would the statement print magic(5) display? def magic(num): return num + 2 * 10
25
hat does the following statement mean? num1, num2 = get_num()
The function get_num() is expected to return a value each for num1 and num2.
True/False: The value assigned to a global constant can be changed in the mainline logic.
False
True/False: One of the reasons not to use global variables is that it makes a program hard to debug.
True
In a value-returning function, the value of the expression that follows the key word _____ will be sent back to the part of the program that called the function.
return
True/False: In Python, one can have a list of variables on the left side of the assignment operator.
True
True/False: The randrange function returns a randomly selected value from a specific sequence of numbers.
True
True/False: One of the drawbacks of a modularized program is that the only structure we could use is sequence structure.
False
Functions in the standard library are stored in files that are known as _______.
modules
What makes it easier to reuse the same code in more than one program?
modules
True/False: In a menu-driven program, a loop structure is used to determine the menu item the user selected.
False
What type of value is returned by the functions random and uniform?
float
True/False: A function definition specifies what a function does and causes the function to execute.
False
The function header begins with the keyword ________ followed by the name of the function.
def
A(n) ________ chart is a visual representation of the relationships between functions.
hierarchy
True/False: A local variable can be accessed from anywhere in the program.
False
True/False: The hierarchy chart shows all the steps that are taken inside a function.
False
True/False: In Python, there is no restriction on the name of a module file.
False
True/False: Unlike other languages, in Python, the number of values a function can return is limited to one.
False
To refer to a function in a module, in our program we have to use the _____ notation.
dot
True/False: The math function, ceil(x), returns the smallest integer that is greater than or equal to x.
True
True/False: To assign a value to a global variable in a function, the global variable must first be declared in the function.
True
In Python, a module's file name should end in ______________.
.py
Which of the following statements causes the interpreter to load the contents of the random module into memory?
import random
True/False: Python allows for passing multiple arguments to a function.
True
The 'P' in the acronym IPO refers to _______________.
processing
True/False: The math function, atan(x), returns one tangent of x in radians.
False
Arguments are passed by _____ to the corresponding parameter variables in the function.
position
The main function contains a program's ______ logic, which is the overall logic of the program.
mainline
A value-returning function has a(n) _______ statement that returns a value back to the part of the program that called it.
return
The code for a function is known as a function __________.
definition
In a menu-driven program, what statement is used to determine and carry out the user's desired action?
if-elif-else
In a flowchart, a function call is depicted by a(n) ______ that has vertical bars.
rectangle
Which of the following functions returns the largest integer that is less than or equal to x?
floor
What is the result of the following statement? x = random.randint(5, 15) * 2
A random integer from 5 to 15, multiplied by 2, assigned to the variable x
Which of the following will assign a random number in the range of 1 through 50 to the variable number?
number = random.randint(1, 50)
What type of function can be used to determine whether a number is even or odd?
Boolean
A value-returning function is _____.
a function that will return a value back to the part of the program that called it
The Python standard library's _____ module contains numerous functions that can be used in mathematical calculations.
math
True/False: Different functions can have local variables with the same names.
True
The _______ chart is an effective tool that programmers use for designing and documenting functions.
IPO
A variable is visible only to statements in the variable's _____________.
scope
The top-down design breaks down the overall task of the program into a series of ____________.
subtasks
True/False: The function header marks the beginning of the function definition.
True
The approach called _______ is taking a large task and dividing it into several smaller tasks that are easily performed.
divide and conquer
True/False: A value-returning function is like a simple function except that when it finishes it returns a value back to the called part of the program.
True
Section 6
(3 cards)