Section 1
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Nucleus
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (176)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Nucleus
What organelle functions to isolate a human cell's chromosomes from the cytoplasm?
heredity
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
Chloroplast
In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
what makes up the endomembrane system
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Animal Cell
animal cell
nucleus
oval-shaped organelle that contains DNA and controls much of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis
Photosynthesis
It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
cell wall
rigid layer surrounding the cells of plants
mitochondrion
carries out cellular respiration; rod-shaped organelle that makes energy for the cell to function with; converts the energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP); "powerhouse" of cell
ATP
Adenine Triphosphate - main energy source for cellular work
vacuole
sac-like organelle that holds water, food and organisms; can also store waste products until removed
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
prokaryote
plant, bacteria or archea cell
unicellular
single-celled organism
mRNA
messenger RNA that direct protein synthesis
flagella
a projection from a prokaryotic cell that propels it through its liquid environment
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that form within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; directs the cells' functions
multicellular
made of many cells
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Nucleus
These structures are located inside of a cell's...
Mammals
Living things with vertebra, hair or fur, gives birth to babies, feed the babies milk form their bodies & warm blooded.
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
cytoplasm
the thick fluid region of a cell inside the membrane or next to the nucleus
Species
In the taxonomical name Homo sapiens, what taxonomical rank does 'sapiens' represent?
eukaryote
animal cell with nucleus
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins from the ER and materials and sends them to other parts of the cell
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.
Organelles
tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
lysosome
membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes; contains chemicals that break down bigger food particles so they can be used in the cell; also break down used cell parts. The cell's "recycling center".
plasma membrane
forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings; made if phospholipids
Kingdoms
Classifications of Living things.
Rough ER
network of tubular membanes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a rough surface (ribosomes are attached to it); helps the ribosomes make proteins, such as insulin
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; found in animal cells
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
chloroplast
green structure that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy that cells can use in making food.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
ribosomes
small grain-shaped organelle that produces proteins
Smooth ER
network or tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface; functions in a variety of different metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipid and steroids; process drugs, alcohol, and store calcium ions
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
nucleolus
nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; makes rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes, which then exit to the cytoplasm
Section 2
(50 cards)
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Flagellate
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Ions
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Cytoplasmic streaming
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Anticodon
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
Haploid cell
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
replication
double the chromosomes
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
convergence
is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
Vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
radiometric dating
a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
Chromosome
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Gametes
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Interphase
The time interval between cellular reproduction.
asexual reproduction
1 parent
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Karyotype
The figure produced when the chomosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
carbon dating
used to tell the age of organic materials.
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
Mother cell
A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
Theory of Use and Disuse
organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.
Diploid cell
A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
divergent evolution
splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.
Centromere
The region that joins two sister chromatids.
Antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
Section 4
(26 cards)