Section 1
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Genetic Variation
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (52)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Genetic Variation
-differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA sequences
Convergent Evolution
-independent evolution of similar features in different lineages -ex: marsupials and sugar glider (same environment) -can occur when similar environmental pressures and natural selection exists
signal transduction cascade
A set of chemical reactions during cell communication that amplifies the signal
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
Directional Selection
-conditions father shifting traits to one extreme
Hardy-Weinberg Conditions
-no mutations -random mating -no natural selection -very large population size -no gene flow
Photosystem II
One of two light-capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane that releases oxygen
denatured proteins
polypeptide whose structures' shapes are changed by high heat or extreme pH
Krebs cycle
second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions
Chemiosmosis
A process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and the ATP synthase enzyme.
Homologous Structures
-represent variations on a structural theme that was present in a common ancestor
Prezygotic Barrier Examples
1. Habtitat Isolation 2. Temporal Isolation (nocturnal) 3. Behavior Isolation (courtship rituals) 4. Mechanical Isolation (snail shells) 5. Genetic Isolation (sperm can't survive in reproductive tract) HTBMG
RNA world hypothesis
hypothesis that RNA served as the genetic information of early life
Reproductive Isolation
-existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing viable, fertile offspring
Ribosomes
produces proteins like enzymes
NADH and FADH2
Carries electrons from the citric acid cycle to the ETC
Gene Flow
-transfer of allele into or out of a population from the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
C4 plants
A plant in which the Calvin cycle is preceded by reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four-carbon compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle.
saturated fatty acid
monomer of lipids; a long-chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized
Disruptive Selection
-conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range
Genetic Drift
-chance events can alter allele allele frequencies to fluctuate from one generation to another (especially in one generation to another)
Gene Pool
-all copies of every type of allele at every locus in all members of the population
active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
secondary structure
Regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone
unsaturated fatty acid
monomer of lipids that possesses one or more double bonds between the carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. typically liquid at room temperature
Hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
Glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
Allopatric Speciation + Evidence
-gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations -ex: snapping shrimp 30 species off the isthmus of panama
primary structure
linear chain of amino acids connect by peptide bonds
Sympatric Speciation
-speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area
Population
-group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed creating fertile offspring
Photorespiration
A metabolic pathway that consumes oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, generates no ATP, and decreases photosynthetic output; generally occurs on hot, dry, bright days, when stomata close and the oxygen concentration in the leaf exceeds that of carbon dioxide.
Sexual Dismorphism
-difference in secondary sexual characteristics between males and females of the same species
Calvin Cycle
a biochemical pathway of photosynthesis in which carbon dioxide is converted into G3P using ATP & NADPH
plasma membrane
location of cell respiration in prokaryotic organisms
Sexual Selection
-form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than others to obtain maits
dehydration synthesis
A chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule.
Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
2pq
frequency of heterozygous genotype
Founder Effect
-when few individuals become isolated from a larger population this smaller group may make a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population
Analogous
-species share features b/c of convergent evolution, share similar function but not common ancesty
Endosymbiosis
A process in which a unicellular organism (the "host") engulfs another cell, which lives within the host cell and ultimately becomes an organelle in the host cell; also refers to the hypothesis that mitochondria and plastids were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells.
Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
Prezygotic Barriers
-block fertilization from occuring
Stabilizing Selection
-reduces variation and gets rid of extreme phenotypes in the population
Postzygotic Barriers
-contribute to reproductive isolation after the hybrid zygote is formed
CAM plants
plants close their stomata during the day, collect CO2 at night, and store the CO2 in the form of acids until it is needed during the day for photosynthesis
membrane bound organelles
specialized structures found in eukaryotic cells that allow for compartmentalization and increased efficiency
Bottleneck Effect
-a severe drop in population results in the over or under representation of certain alleles.
surface area to volume ratio
a variable that decreases as cells grow, so that it sets a limit to the size of cells.
Section 2
(2 cards)