Section 1
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aggregate fruit
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (78)
Section 1
(50 cards)
aggregate fruit
results from a single flower that has more than one separate carpel, each forming a small fruit
fertilization
the fusion of gametes, occurs after the two sperm reach the female gametophyte.
inflorescences
showy clusters into which some flowers are arranged
vegetative reproduction
another name for asexual reproduction in plants; comes from the fact that offspring usually arise from mature vegetative fragments form the parent plan
sporangia
multicellular organs that produce the spores in sporophyte
ovule
composed of the megasporangium, megaspore, and the integument(s); in this a female gametophyte develops from a megaspore and produces one or more eggs; found within ovary, become seeds if fertilized
dormancy
a stage in which an embryo stops growing and its metabolism nearly ceases
anther
a terminal sac found within the stamen, where pollen is produced
filament
a stalk found within the stamen
sporophyte
the multicellular diploid in alternation of generations; name means spore-producing plant
microspores
when a microsphorocyte undergoes meiosis, four haploids of these are produced, each of which eventually give rise to a haploid male gametophyte
style
leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel called the ovary
endosperm
a food storing tissue of the seed
incomplete flowers
flowers that lack one or more of the four floral organs
fragmentation
the separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants; one of the most common modes of asexual reproduction
sporopollenin
a layer of durable polymer in charophytes that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
hypocotyl
refers to the part of the embryonic axis below where the two cotyledons are attached
embryo sac
a female gametophyte, develops inside each ovule
simple fruit
fruits derived from a single carpel or several fused carpels
accessory fruits
other floral parts contribute to the formation of this type of fruit
pollination
the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules
carpel
makes megaspores and their products, female gametophytes
integument
a layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops and protects the megasporangium
flower
a unique angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction; a specialized shoot that can have up to four types of modified leaves
pollen grain
consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall
petals
brightly colored in most flowers, aid in attracting pollinators
receptacle
a part of the stem to which all four basic floral organs are attached
sepal
usually green, found at the base of the flower, enclose the flower before it opens
double fertilization
the union of two sperm cels with different nuclei of the female gametophyte; ensures that endosperm developed only in ovules where the egg has been fertilized
seed
consists of an embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat
pollen tube
a long cellular protuberance that delivers sperm to the female gametophyte; one sperm fertilizes the egg, forming the zygote. The other sperm combines with the two polar nuclei, forming a triploid (3n), nucleus in the center of the large central cell of the female gametophyte.
sporocytes
diploid cells within sporangium that undergo meiosis and generate the haploid spores
coevolution
the joint evolution of two interacting species, reach in response to selection imposed by the other
imbibition
the uptake of water due to the low water potential of the dry seed
fruit
the mature ovary of a flower
apomixis
the ability of some plant species to reproduce asexually through seeds without fertilization by a male gamete
megaspores
the result of the megasporocyte undergoing meiosis, four haploids are produced
multiple fruit
develops from inflorescence (a group of flowers tightly clustered together)
seed coat
a hard, protective shell around the seed formed from the integuments of the ovule
radicle
the embryonic root at the end of the hypocotyl
dioecious
describes plants that cannot self-fertilize because different individuals have either staminate flowers (lacking carpels) or carpellate flowers (lacking stamens)
alternation of generations
a life cycle in which there is both a multicellular diploid form, the sporophyte, and a multicellular haploid form, the gametophyte; a characteristic of plants and some algae
ovary
contains one or more ovules, if fertilized will develop into a seed (number 3 in picture)
stamen
produces microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes
spores
haploid reproductive cells that can develop into a new haploid organism without fusing with another cell; produced during meiosis in a mature sporophyte
stigma
the sticky tip of the carpel that receives pollen
gametophyte
the multicellular haploid in alternation of generations; named for its production by mitosis of haploid gametophytes (egg and sperm) that fuse during fertilization, forming diploid zygotes
complete flowers
flowers that have all four floral organs (carpel, stamen, petal, and sepal)
pistil
sometimes used to refer to a single carpel or two or more fused carpels
asexual reproduction
a process in which offspring are derived from a single parent without fusion of egg and sperm, results in a clone (genetically identical to parent)
Section 2
(28 cards)