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What is spondylitis?

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Pathology

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1 year ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (46)

Section 1

(46 cards)

What is spondylitis?

Front

inflammation of the vertebrae

Back

What causes IVDD Hansen type I?

Front

thinner dorsal part of fibrous ring ruptures and creates a prolapse of degenerate disc material into the vertebral canal. this results in herniation of the nucleus pulposus and extrusion into the vertebral canal, then compressing on the spine

Back

How do we diagnose IVDD?

Front

1. radiographs 2. CSF analysis 3. myelography 4. CT imaging and/or MRI

Back

What is enopthalmos?

Front

Recession of eye into orbit

Back

What is IVDD Hansen type II?

Front

disc degeneration leading to dorsal protrusion (sticking out of normal position) nucleus pulposus bulges, annulus fibrosus weakens usually age-related degeneration don't usually see mineralzation

Back

How is horner's syndrome diagnosed?

Front

via physical exam signs thoracic radiographs may rule out abnormalities

Back

What is otitis media?

Front

inflammation of the middle ear

Back

What is discospondylitis?

Front

an infection of the intervertebral disc and the adjacent vertebral bodies (osteomyelitis)

Back

How does IVDD occur?

Front

nucleus pulposus pushes its way into the spinal canal and presses on the spinal cord this can occur as a concussion or compression

Back

How does obesity impact surgery?

Front

higher mortality rate obesity may worsen airway management heart rate is faster in obese patients, but anesthesia decreases heart rate, so this may be a risk

Back

How is myelography used to diagnose IVDD?

Front

The dye should show attenuation, thinning, or deviation of contrast material suggesting extradural compression -Can be used in conjunction with CT's to provide more detail -Injection of the dye can be done in the: Neck area (cisternal myelogram) Lower back area (lumbar myelogram) -CSF fluid is sampled and submitted to the lab for analysis before the dye is injected

Back

What is ptosis?

Front

drooping of the upper eyelid

Back

What is ankylosis?

Front

abnormal stiffening and immobility of a joint due to fusion of adjacent vertebra bone

Back

What is Horner's syndrome?

Front

is a collection of signs, not a specific disease. It arises from sympathetic denervation to structures of the eye. Signs consist of miosis, drooping of the upper eyelid (ptosis), enophthalmos, and prolapse of the third eyelid

Back

What type of dog is predisposed to IVDD?

Front

chondrodystrophic dogs

Back

What are clinical signs of IVDD Hansen type I?

Front

peracute, acute, or gradual spinal shock Shiff-sherrington posture

Back

What is prolapse?

Front

Protrusion of an organ or structure beyond normal confines.

Back

What is IVDD Hansen type I?

Front

disc degeneration of annulus fibrosus, leading to extrusion (forcing out of normal position) of nucleus pulposus most common in younger, chondrodystrophic dogs characterized by loss of glycosaminoglycans, increased collagen, decreased water usually see mineralzation

Back

What is osteomyelitis?

Front

infection of the bone

Back

What is IVDD?

Front

intervertebral disc disease is a common degenerative disorder characterized by pain, loss of limb function, paresis, paralysis, and sometimes loss of sensation in hind limbs

Back

What causes IVDD Hansen type II?

Front

fibrinoid degeneration in older dogs results in annular protrusion caused by shifting central nuclear material

Back

What are general possible causes of horner's syndrome?

Front

guttural pouch mycosis trauma cervical abscesses esophageal rupture cervical trauma

Back

What is spondylosis?

Front

general term for degeneration in the spine usually describes osteoarthritis (normal wear and tear)

Back

What is miosis?

Front

pupil constriction

Back

How do we treat IVDD conservatively?

Front

NSAIDS muscle relaxants opioids cage rest 4-6 weeks physical therapy

Back

How is a CT used to diagnose IVDD?

Front

CT imaging and myelography should be used in conjunction as a definitive diagnosis

Back

When does degeneration of the disc in IVDD occur?

Front

when the nucleus pulposus gets dehydrated and loses water

Back

What is chondrodystrophy?

Front

It is characterized by the reduction of long bong growth (short legged dogs) Dachshund Beagle French bulldog Basset hound

Back

Where does IVDD most commonly in the spine?

Front

T12-T13 L1-L2

Back

What is transverse myelitis?

Front

inflammation of the spinal cord

Back

What is IVDD hansen type III?

Front

acute non-compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion the disc explodes and causes a traumatic disc extrusion

Back

What is thought to be the main etiology of horner's syndrome?

Front

otitis media inflammation to postganglionic sympathetic nerves that innervate the muscles of the eye

Back

What are the signs of horner's syndrome?

Front

-miosis (pupil constriction) -ptosis of the upper eyelid -enophthalmos -protrusion of nictating membrane

Back

What are pathological signs of IVDD?

Front

herniation of nucleus pulposus myelomalacia myelopathy pannecrosis (necrosis of neurons) of grey and white matter hemorrhage and edema in the area paralysis absent nociception Wallerian degeneration inflammation

Back

Bulge vs herniation of IVD

Front

The difference between a bulge and a herniation is that, in a bulge, a larger part of the disc displaces beyond its normal boundaries. In a disc herniation, there is a less than 25% focal displacement of the disc beyond its normal boundaries

Back

What does IVDD look like on radiography?

Front

IVD mineralization narrowing/wedging of IVD space narrowing/increased opacity of intervertebral foramen cannot just radiograph to diagnose IVDD, as it doesn't provide enough info about the degree of damage

Back

MRI vs CT for IVDD?

Front

MRI is the best diagnostic method for early detection of dic disease in dogs

Back

How does CSF analysis tell us about IVDD?

Front

Can show increase in protein concentration and infiltration of lymphocytes

Back

What is disc herniation?

Front

protrusion of nucleus pulposus through an abnormal opening

Back

How does mineralization in IVD occur?

Front

-disc mineralization starts centrally -once mineralized disc will look like a lens -if a mineralized disc herniates, it will leave a hollow shell. so if you see a hollow shell of a disc= sign of herniation

Back

What occurs in nonchondrodystrophic dogs that leads to IVDD?

Front

fibrinoid degeneration, which is a slow aging process

Back

What are clinical signs of IVDD hansen type II?

Front

slow progressive pelvic limb weakness reluctance to rise or jump difficulty climbing stairs

Back

Concussion vs compression

Front

Concussion: disc explodes into the spinal canal and hit the cord with force compression: disc will slowly push its way into the spinal canal and cause pressure on the cord

Back

What is myelography?

Front

x-ray study involving the use fluoroscopy with injection of contrast material into spinal canal CSF dye outlines the spinal cord not normally visible on x-ray Myelography has been the standard imaging modality in diagnosing IVD extrusion

Back

How do we treat IVDD surgically?

Front

need to decompress by removing extruded disc dorsal laminectomy- lesion in lumbosacral area hemilaminectomy for lesions in thoracic and lumbar spine pediculectomy- mini-hemilaminectomy

Back

What is the sequence of local events that occur in acute inflammation

Front

1. transient vasoconstriction 2. vasodilation 3. increased blood flow (red and swelling) 4. increased vascular permeability (plasma proteins +leukocytes enter spaces). (swelling and edema) 5. leukocyte margination (neutrophils and monocytes)

Back