Section 1
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inflammatory response
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (155)
Section 1
(50 cards)
inflammatory response
nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection
capillaries
Microscopic vessel through which exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
helper T cells
T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells
cardiac cycle
A complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles
blood vessels
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood
t cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
adaptive immunity
the ability to recognize and remember specific antigens and mount an attack on them
histamine
Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
closed circulatory system
A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels
gas exchange
Breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells; Provides O2 for cellular respiration and removes its waste product, CO2
trachea
a large membranous tube reinforced by rings of cartilage, extending from the larynx to the bronchial tubes and conveying air to and from the lungs; the windpipe.
lymphatic system
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
Bronchioles
Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
b cells
Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.
antigen presenting cells
B cells, macrophages, dendritic cells
heart
A hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
complement system
A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
countercurrent exchange
the opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates; for example, blood in the gills flows in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens.
pulse
Beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries.
Plasma
Liquid part of blood
cell-mediated immune response
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of cytotoxic T cells, which defend against infected cells.
lysozyme
an enzyme found in saliva and sweat and tears that destroys the cell walls of certain bacteria
open circulatory system
A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood
pathogens
disease causing agents
lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
interferon
Protein produced by cells in response to being infected by a virus; helps other cells resist the virus.
arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
sinoatrial (SA) node
A specialized area of cardiac tissue, located in the right atrium of the heart, which initiates the electrical impulses that determine the heart rate; often termed the pacemaker for the heart.
Diastole
relaxation phase of the heartbeat
macrophage
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Cytotoxic T cells
A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells
antigen receptors
general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating acquired immune response
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart
plasma cells
Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.
platelets
blood clotting
atrioventricular node
a node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium
blood
Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
memory cells
General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.
lungs
two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration
Cytokines
Hormone-like chemicals facilitating communication between brain and immune system.
Bronchi
two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
ventricle
Bottom portion of the heart, thicker walled and larger
Antibodies
Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen.
natural killer cells
A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells; an important component of innate immunity.
dendritic cell
Antigen-presenting cell. Shows T and B cells what to attack
systole
Contraction of the heart
Section 2
(50 cards)
Osmoregulation
regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism
diabetes mellitus
a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both
antidiuretic hormone
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland to prevent the kidneys from expelling too much water
paracrine
Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on a neighboring cell.
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons
uric acid
nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine
ammonia
A small, very toxic molecule (NH3) produced by nitrogen fixation or as a metabolic waste product of protein and nucleic acid metabolism.
glomerulus
A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the vertebrate kidney.
proximal tube
In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron immediately downstream from Bowman's capsule that conveys and helps refine filtrate.
nephron
The tubular excretory unit of the vertebrate kidney.
urea
waste product formed in the liver, filtered out of the blood by the kidneys, and excreted in urine
posterior pituitary gland
also known as the neurohypophysis; it is made up of nervous tissue/neurons and stores and secretes 2 hormones made by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and ADH); it is controlled by action potentials from the hypothalamus
renal medulla
inner portion of the kidney
Endocrine
the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
AIDS
A serious (often fatal) disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles.
collecting duct
A segment of the nephron that returns water form the filtrate to the bloodstream.
positive feedback
A type of regulation that responds to a change in conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism away from a steady state.
insulin
A protein hormone synthesized in the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into tissues
urinary bladder
saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted
signal transduction
A series of molecular changes that converts a signal on a target cell's surface to a specific response inside the cell.
renin
hormone secreted by the kidney; it raises blood pressure by influencing vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
pancreas
An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels.
renal pelvis
funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter
kidney filtration
simple diffusion depending on starling forces; filtration coefficient (kf) depends on area of capillary available for diffusion and permeability of capillary membrane; net filtration pressure (use oncotic and hydrostatic pressure -- don't need coefficient)
osmoregulators
organisms that maintain their internal water balance and solute concentration within narrow limits
kidneys
Filter blood from the renal arteries and produce urine as waste
autocrine
Referring to a secreted molecule that acts on the cell that secreted it.
active immunity vs passive immunity
exposure to foreign antigens; slow onset vs preformed antibodies from another host , rapid onset,
secretion
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion.
autoimmune disease
a condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues, and organs of a person's own body
hormones
chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues
negative feedback
A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
immunodeficiency
A disorder in which the ability of an immune system to protect against pathogens is defective or absent.
humoral immune response
The branch of acquired immunity that involves the activation of B cells and that leads to the production of antibodies, which defend against bacteria and viruses in body fluids.
Bowman's capsule
cup-shaped strucutre of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and which filtration takes place.
osmolarity
the concentration of a solution expressed as the total number of solute particles per liter.
ureter
tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles.
oxytocin
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
distal tubule
In the vertebrate kidney, the portion of a nephron that helps refine filtrate and empties it into a collecting duct.
Hypothalamus
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.
osmoconfomers
Don't actively maintain salt and water balance at all. Internal concentrations change as the salinity of the water changes.
Loop of Henle
section of the nephron tubule that is responsible for conserving water and minimizing the volume of the filtrate
glucagon
A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
thyroid gland
produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
anterior pituitary gland
the anterior part of the pituitary gland; an endocrine gland whose secretions are controlled by the hypothalamic hormones
reabsorption
process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the bloodstream
angiotensin
A normal blood protein produced by the liver, angiotensin is converted to angiotensim I by renin (secreted by kidney when blood pressur falls). Angiotensin I si further onverted to angiotensim II by ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme). Angiotensin II is a powerful systemic vasocontrictor ans stimulator of aldosterone relase, both of which result in an increase in blood pressure.
Aldosterone
"salt-retaining hormone" which promotes the retention of Na+ by the kidneys. na+ retention promotes water retention, which promotes a higher blood volume and pressure
excretion
Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body
Section 3
(50 cards)
cleavage
the splitting of a mineral along smooth, flat surfaces
ACTH
Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
gastrulation
In animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three-layered embryo, the gastrula.
Spermatogenesis
Formation of sperm
FSH
A tropic hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that targets the gonads. In females, FSH stimulates the ovaries to develop follicles (oogenesis) and secrete estrogen; in males, FSH stimulates spermatogenesis.
differentiation
process in which cells become specialized in structure and function
Gonads
sex glands
action potential
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
germ layers
Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body.
Notochord
A rod of tough, flexible material that runs the length of a creature's body, providing the majority of its support
parathyroid hormone
A hormone of the parathyroid gland that regulates the metabolism of calcium and phosphorus in the body.
neural tube
a groove formed in the top layer of differentiated cells in the embryo that eventually becomes the brain and spinal cord
resting potential
The difference in electric charge between the inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane
ectoderm
outermost germ layer; produces sense organs, nerves, and outer layer of skin
Nodes of Ranvier
Gaps in the myelin sheath to which voltage-gated sodium channels are confined.
slow block to polyspermy
Also known as the cortical reaction, the slow block invovles an increase in intracellular [Ca2+] in the egg, which causes the release of cortical granules near the egg plasma membrane. This results in the hardening of the zona pellucida and its separation from the surface of the egg, preventing the entry of more than one sperm into the egg.
voltage-gated ion channels
Channels that open or close in response to a change in the membrane potential.
asexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
Epinephrine
Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.
zygote
fertilized egg
central nervous system
consists of the brain and spinal cord
sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
acrosomal reaction
The discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, a vesicle in the tip of a sperm, when the sperm approaches or contacts an egg.
Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation
GH
growth hormone (secreted by the pituitary gland)
calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels
peripheral nervous system
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
axon
the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Oogenesis
the production, growth, and maturation of an egg, or ovum
tropic hormone
hormones that stimulate other glands to release their hormones
prolactin
stimulates milk production
mesoderm
the middle layer of an embryo in early development, between the endoderm and ectoderm.
myelination
the process by which axons become coated with myelin, a fatty substance that speeds the transmission of nerve impulses from neuron to neuron
gastrula
An embryonic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Hyperpolarization
The movement of the membrane potential of a cell away from rest potential in a more negative direction.
synapse
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
Depolarization
The process during the action potential when sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
membrane potential
The voltage across a cell's plasma membrane.
LH
Luteinizing hormone, ovulation and egg release, maturation of egg, release of testosterone in males.
menstrual cycle
Cycle during which an egg develops and is released from an ovary and the uterus is prepared to receive a fertilized egg.
fertilization
Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell
fast block to polyspermy
The depolarization of the egg plasma membrane upon fertilization, designed to prevent the entry of more than one sperm into the egg.
endoderm
innermost germ layer; develops into the linings of the digestive tract and much of the respiratory system
Organogenesis
organ formation that takes place during the first two months of prenatal development
morula
A solid ball of cells that makes up an embryo; in humans, this stage occurs within four days of fertilization.
thyroid hormone
modulates activity of growth hormone, ensuring proper proportions
blastula
The hollow ball of cells marking the end stage of cleavage during early embryonic development
refractory period
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
dendrites
a neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
parathyroid gland
any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland
Section 4
(5 cards)