Section 1
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Pyrimidines
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (195)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Pyrimidines
adenine (A), guanine (G)
Peroxisome
producer of hydrogen peroxide and other enzymes involved in metabolic reactions
Monosaccharide
single carbon skeleton
Monosaccharide
glucose, galactose, fructose
Centrosome with centriole
absent in plant cell but present in animal cell
Carbohydrates
sugars and polymers of sugars, composed of a carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxide group (-OH)
Nucleus
control center; houses genetic material
Proteins
consist of one or more chains of amino acids
Active transport
use of ATP to deliver nutrients opposite a concentration gradient
Lipids
hydrophobic nonpolar hydrocarbon molecules
Lysosome
absent in plant cell but present in animal cell
Cell wall
surrounds and protects the cell membrane
Trans Fat
contains a trans-double bond in the fatty acid
Cell wall
present in plant cell but absent in animal cell
Classification of Life
domain -> kingdom -> phylum -> class -> order -> family -> genus -> species
Polysaccharide
several linked monosaccharides
Isotonic
same solute concentration
Ribosome
free-floating or attached; site of protein synthesis
Saturated Fat
no fatty acid double bonds, solid at room temperature
Disaccharide
maltose [glucose + glucose], sucrose [glucose + fructose]
Cytoplasms
gel-like substance that fills the cell; site of most biochemical reactions
Mitochondrion
site of cellular respiration
Purines
cytosine (C), thymine (T), uracil (U)
Nucleic Acids
polymers of nucleotides (e.g., DNA and RNA)
Plasmodesmata
present in plant cell but absent in animal cell
Hypertonic
a solution relative to the cell can be this, higher solute concentration,
Osmosis
movement of water towards the side of the membrane with a higher solute concentration
Plasmodesmata
pores between cell walls that allow intercellular communication
Vacuoles
storage sac for water and nutrients
Unsaturated Fat
contains a cis-double bond in the fatty acid, liquid at room temperature
Lysosome
digests celular materials
Amino Acid
consists of an amino group and carboxyl group; there are 20 kinds of these
Chloroplast
present in plant cell but absent in animal cell
Cell membrane
semi-permeable layer that surrounds the cytoplasm
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizer of membranes and proteins; has attached ribosomes
Disaccharide
two monosaccharides linked by a glycosidic bond
Passive transport
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is not required
Nucleotide
contains a nitrogenous base (purines or pyrimidines), five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
Hypotonic
a solution relative to the cell can be this, lower solute concentration
Organization of Life
biosphere -> biome -> ecosystem -> community -> population -> organism -> organ system -> organ -> tissue -> cell
Vacuole
present (central and relatively larger) in plant cell and also present in animal cell
Steroids
carbon skeleton is composed of four fused rings (e.g., cholesterol)
Polysaccharide
starch, glycogen, cellulose
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
Exocytosis
vesicles attach to the cell membrane and release their contents
Diffusion
movement of substances from a higher to a lower concentration
Phospholipids
lipids with a phosphate group attached to the glycerol, has a hydrophobic and hydrophilic end, compose the cell membrane
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism
Golgi apparatus
modifier, sorter, and shipper of materials throughout the cell
Fats
consist of a glycerol connected to a fatty acid through an easier linkage
Section 2
(50 cards)
Pyruvate Oxidation
pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl CoA, producing CO2 and transforming NADH into NAD+ in the process
Light Reactions
1. photons from light enter a photosystem which excites a single electron 2. water is split into electrons. H+ , and O2; the O2 is released as a by-product and the H+ is released into the thylakoid for future use 3. the excited electrons pass the energy along an electron transport chain, producing ATP in process 4. NADP+ is the final electron acceptor and is converted into NADPH
Citric Acid/ Krebs Cycle
1. acetyl CoA reacts with oxaloacetate, which undergoes another series of reactions, reducing NAD+ into NADH, FAD+ into FADH2, ADP into ATP, and producing CO2; 2 ATM is produced per molecule of glucose 2. oxaloacetate is converted back to original form to be used in the next cycle
Metaphase
centrosomes now at opposite sides of cell and chromosomes align at metaphase plate
Electron transport chain (ETC)
occurs in the mitochondria, oxygen is needed, 32-34 net atp is produced
G1, G2-phase
cell growth and metabolism phase
Meiosis II
occurs right after meiosis I, produces 2 haploid daughter cells each (for parent cell, meiosis produces 4 haploid daughter cells)
Humans
N=23
Mitosis
produces 2 diploid daughter cells with same genetic material
Calvin Cycle
1. carbon fixation and reduction of RuBP by CO2 converts it into G3P, which can be further processed into glucose 2. the fixed and reduced RuBP is then converted back to be ready for the next cycle; the whole cycle consumes ATP and NADPH
Mitotic Phase (M)
consists of prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Meiosis
haploid and diploid
Anaphase
sister chromatids break apart from each other, shortening of microtubules pulls chromatids toward opposite ends, cell elongates
Prometaphase
nuclear envelope disappears, chromosomes become condensed, sister chromatids captured by kinetochore microtubules, mitotic spindle attaches to kinetochore
Lactic acid fermentation
pyruvate is converted into lactate
occurs in the cytoplasm, no oxygen needed, 2 net atp is produced
Lactic acid fermentation
Gallbladder
stores bile
Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, oxygen is needed, 2 net ATP is produced
Lactic acid fermentation
occurs in the cytoplasm, no oxugen needed, 2 net atp is produced
occurs in the cytoplasm, no oxygen needed, 2 net atp is produced
Alcohol fermentation
Reduction
phase two of calvin cycle
Meiosis I
similar to mitosis, produces 2 diploid daughter cells
Small Intestine
site of most of enzymatic hydrolysis
Stomach
digests proteins and adds gastric juice, producing chyme
Kinetochore
site of attachment of mitotic spindle to chromosomes
Centromere
attachment point of two sister chromatids
Alcohol fermentation
pyruvate is converted into ethanol
Haploid
N number of chromosomes
Centrosome
contains material that function in organizing mitotic spindles
Liver
creates bile that aids in digestion of lipids
Endocytosis
molecules enter the cell through phagocytosis (cell eating) or pinocytosis (cell drinking)
S-phase
DNA synthesis phase that occurs between G1 and G2, duplication of chromosomes occurs
Diploid
2N number of chromosomes
Prophase
nucleolus disappears, mitotic spindle forms, duplicated chromosomes appear as sister chromatids, centrosomes move in opposite directions
Meiosis
has synapsis during prophase I
Regeneration of RuBP
phase three of calvin cycle
Fermentation
occurs when there is no O2 present after glycolysis
Glycolysis
takes place in the cytoplasm, no oxygen needed, 2 net ATP is produced
Telophase
start of cytokinesis (C) and formation of cleavage furrow, nuclear envelopes and nucleolus form, chromosomes become less condensed
Chemiosmosis
ETC / H+ ions travel through ATP synthase, allowing it to synthesize ADP into ATP; 32 to 34 ATP is produced
Photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H20 --light chlorophyll--> C6H12O6 + 6O2 carbon dioxide + water --light chlorophyll--> glucose + oxygen
Oxidative Phosphorylation/Electro Transport Chain (ETC)
electrons are transported from NADH and passed on until it reaches O2, converting it into water
Esophagus
moves bolus (mechanically ingested food) from mouth to stomach
Glycolysis
breakdown of glucose and investment of 2 ATP to produce pyruvate, 4 ATP, and NADH
Mouth/Oral Cavity
site of ingestion and mechanical digestion
Meiosis
metaphase I aligns two chromatids at a time, compared to one for mitosis
Carbon fixation
phase one of calvin cycle
Meiosis
produces 4 haploid daughter cells with different genetic material
Pancreas
produces an alkaline solution to stabilize acidic chyme
Digestive System
food processing involves ingestion (eating), digestion (breakdown), absorption (uptake of nutrients), and elimination (passage out of the body)
Section 3
(50 cards)
Ectoderm
(germ layer) / becomes future epidermis, nervous system, sensory organs
Kidney
carries out osmoregulation and excretion of urea in mammals
Excretory System
kidney, ureter, bladder, and urethra
Nervous System
central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, neurons, autonomic nervous system
Gametogenesis
production of gametes (sperm and egg cell), continuous and prolific in males, only active in females up to the age of 50
Urethra
transports urine from the bladder to outside of the body
Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Right Atrium
4 heart chambers
Ovaries
female gonads, site of maturation of ooctytes (which turn into egg cells)
Systemic Circulation
oxygen-rich blood
Epididymis
site of sperm cell storage and maturation
Gastrula
group of cells from a divided zygote that shows first cell differentiation into three germ layers
Penis
a series of muscular erectile tissues that aid in sexual intercourse
Vas Deferens
transports sperm cells and the testes to the urethra
Innate Immunity
defense that is activated immediately and is the same whether or not the pathogen has been encountered previously
Ureter
conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder
Asexual Reproduction
generation of new individuals without the need of fertilization (fusion of sperm and egg) (e.g., binary fission)
Vagina
opening of female reproductive system to the external environment
Prostate Glands
provides anti-coagulant enzymes to the semen
Superior Vena Cava
largest vein
Adaptive Immunity
receptors recognize features of a certain pathogen and develop an immunity against it
Pulmonary Vein
only vein that carries oxygenated/oxygen-rich blood
Veins
transports blood towards the heart
Pulmonary Circulation
oxygen-poor blood
Leukocytes
white blood cells, fights infections
Platelets
aids in blood clotting
Mesoderm
(germ layer) / becomes future skeletal, muscular, circulatory, excretory, and reproductive systems
Pulmonary Circulation
veins -> right atrium -> right ventricle -> pulmonary artery -> lung capillary network -> pulmonary vein -> left atrium
Respiratory System
lungs and air pathway
Bladder
stores urine before excretion through the urethra
Seminal Vesicles
provide fluids that constitute most of semen to nourish the sperm cells
Cervix
uterus neck that separates it from the vagina
Lungs
main organ of the respiratory system; houses the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli
Circulatory System
consists of 4 heart chambers and blood vessels
Male Reproductive System
testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, penis
Pulmonary Artery
only artery to carry deoxygenated blood
Air Pathway
mouth/nose -> pharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> bronchi -> bronchioles -> alveoli (where gas exchange takes place)
Fallopian Tube
passageway of an egg cell from the ovary to the uterus
Sexual Reproduction
fusion of two haploid cells from different individuals, forming a zygote
Large Intestine
reabsorbs water to solidify feces
Plasma
liquid matrix of blood; maintains blood pH; transports nutrients and waste materials
Aorta
largest artery
Immune System
includes lymphoid organs such as thymus and bone marrow, the skin, and specialized cells
Systemic Circulation
left atrium -> left ventricle -> aorta -> smaller arteries -> body capillary network -> veins
Endoderm
(germ layer) / becomes future other lining of internal organs
Capillaries
site of exchange of oxygen and other materials between cells and blood
Erythrocytes
red blood cells; contains hemoglobin that carries O2
Testes
male gonads, produces sperm in the seminiferous tubules
Arteries
transports blood away from the heart
Uterus
womb, site of fertilized egg maturity
Differentiation
assignment of divided cells into specialized functions
Section 4
(45 cards)