Section 1
Preview this deck
Ports are abstractions used to represent sources of ___ and output
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (105)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Ports are abstractions used to represent sources of ___ and output
Input
A ___ is an ordered sequence of characters
String
What are the two classes of data types?
Simple and compound
The vector-___ function can be used to retrieve a value from a vector by index, the vector-___ function can be used to reassign a value in a vector by index
ref, set!
The ____ function can be used to get the current output port
current-output-port
The ___ function can be used to execute a series of expresions
begin
The first sub-form in a list-form is called the ___
Head
How do you specify a tab character? A space?
#\tab, #\space
The lambda form implicitly acts as a begin form. t/f
t
___ are expressions which can be evaluated
Forms
If a top-level function f modifies a top level variable x, and f is called within a fluid-let which defines a variable x, which instance of x will be modified, the local or the global?
The local
What are the 4 types of numbers?
Integer, rational, real and complex
The ___ form is a special case of the cond form where the second sub-form evaluates to a value and the heads of the remaining sub-forms contain list forms which indicate a value which the value of the second sub-form must equal for the remaining sub-sub-forms in that sub-form to be executed, the last of which is returned
case
The ___ function indicates that the interpreter shouldn't evaluate the proceeding expression, and instead treat it as a value
quote
___ scope implies that a symbol is bound to the variable defined in the most immediate parent scope with respect to the body where the symbol is referenced (not necessarily the body which INVOKES the body where the symbol is referenced)
Lexical
All expressions are self-evaluating. t/f
f
The ___ form can be used to temporarily shadow a global variable in bodies OUTSIDE of the immediate body in the form
fluid-let
The ___ function is used to define a variable
define
What's the general comparison function? The comparison function for numbers?
eqv, =
What does the second sub-form in a lambda expression specify? What are the 3 alternate ways that it can be specified?
The local variables used to refer to the function arguments. A list-form, a symbol, or a dotted pair
s-expressions are values which are either part of the set of ___ data types or ___ data types
Simple, compound
The ___ form contains n subforms which are evaluated sequentially, where the head of each is expected to return a truthy value which indicates wherther the remaining sub-sub-forms in that sub-form will be evaluated, and the result of the last returned, in which case the remaining sub-forms are unevaluated. The last sub-form is evaluated if none of the preceeding sub-forms are
cond
What's the function to display something in stdout? What's the optional parameter used for, and what's it's value when omitted?
display, specifying the output port, stdout (or the current output port?)
How can you specify a literal list value?
Using a quote and parentheses: ex. '(1 2 3)
The car function returns the ___ item in a pair, the cdr function returns the ___ item
First, second
The ___ function can be used to convert a string to a list of characters
string->list
If a top-level variable x is defined, and a function accepts a parameter named x, if the value of x is updated in the function using a set! form, which instance of x will be modified, the local or the global? What if the function didn't accept a parameter named x?
The local. The global
The ___ form evaluates it's sub-forms and returns #f if any evaluate to #f without executing the remaining sub-forms, else it returns the value of the last sub-form
and
A named (i.e. define-d) function cannot call itself. t/f
f
The boolean? function returns #t if it's argument is a ___ type, and false otherwise
Boolean
What's the function to load an external script in the interpreter?
load
A ___ type is specified using a character prefixed by '#\'
Character
What does it mean if a variable is 'shadowed' within a given body?
It means that any (more) global definitions of that same variable, specified in parent scopes, are overiden in the context of the given boy
A ___ is an ordered couple of values with arbitrary types
Pair
A ___ or a ___ are ordered sequences of values with arbitrary types
Vector, list
What are the 4 simple data types?
Booleans, numbers, characters and symbols
The ___ let form can be used to define local variables for a given body of forms
let
When the second sub-form in a lambda form is specified as a symbol, what is the effect on how the are arguments are locally defined? What if a dotted pair is used?
The symbol refers to a list of the arguments. The first n symbols before the dot refer to the first n arguments, the symbol after the dot refers to a list of the remaining arguments
When the interpreter evaluates a ___-form, if the head refers to a function, it returns the result of applying that function with the remaining items in the list as arguments
list
The second subforms of the when and unless forms are implicit begin forms. t/f
t
What's the function to write a newline to stdout?
newline
The ___ form is used to define a (nameless) function
lambda
The ___ function accepts 2 sub-forms, where the first is a symbol referencing a function, and the second is a list containing arguments to be applied to that function
apply
The cons function is used to construct a ___
Pair
___ forms are interpreted differently than list-forms
Special
What's the difference between let and let*?
let* allows you to define local variables which refer to previously defined variables in the same let form, as if you had defined a nested let within the let which defined the first variable
The ___ function takes 2 numerical argments and returns the first argument expoentiated by the second
expt
The ___ form evaluates it's first sub-form and if the evaluation returns a true (non-false) value, it evaluates and returns the result from the second sub-form, otherwise it does the same for the third sub-form. Which form can be used to only do the first half of this behavior? The second?
if. when. unless
A ___ data type can be specified using #(1 2 3) (for example)
Vector
The ___ form evaluates it's sub-forms and returns the first non-false value without executing the remaining forms, else it returns #f
Section 2
(50 cards)
A ___ is defined as a function which transforms a set of given sub-forms into a different set of sub-forms, to be subsequently executed
macro
The ___ function is used to get the standard (console) input port. The ___ gets the equivalent output port
current-input-port. current-output-port
The ___ function invokes the given method on a given class instance
send
An ___ continuation is one which prematurely returns a result without executing the remainder of the surrounding expression wherein the continuation is invoked
Abortive
What are the 2 write operations that can be performed on input ports - what are the respective functions? How do you write a newline to an output port?
Write a character or an s-expression; write-char, write/display. The newline function (takes an optional port argument)
When defining classes as instances (i.e. instance vectors), when new instances are created how are the class precedence lists created from the direct superclasses? The list of slots?
The class precedence lists from each superclass are combined into a single list, with duplicates removed. Similarly, the list of slots from each of the superclasses are combined into a single list, with duplicates removed
What is the function to close an input port? An output port?
close-input-port. close-output-port
What function does the assv function use to compare the given key to the keys in the given association list? What's the approach if you wanted to use a different function?
eqv?. Define a 'table' struct which contains fields for an association list and a comparison function
The ___ function is used to delete a file
delete-file
A named let is syntactic sugar for what?
A letrec form which defines a local function with the same name as the let, it's parameters as those defined as the local variables of the let, and it's body as that of the let
What function is used to define a macro?
define-macro
What does a backquote/backtick/quasiquote enable you to do?
Specify a template for a quoted expression, within which you can insert externally-defined values
How do you specify a default value for a field when creating a struct?
Use a 2-item list form when specifying the field in the defstruct invocation, ex. (defstruct struct-name field1 (field2 'default-value))
What function is defined by defstruct which creates a struct instance (assuming that the struct is named 'struct-name')? What methods are would be created to get and modify a field named 'field-name', respectively?
make-struct-name. struct-name.field-name, set!struct-name.field-name
All ports should be closed after use. t/f. If not, what are the exceptions?
All except string ports
How can a loop be defined using a let form? What ensures that this approach is efficient, in terms of mitigating the overhead of function invocation?
Using a let, with a locally defined recursive function which is invoked in the body. Tail-call elimination
What parameters does the defstruct-generated make-function accept?
Quoted symbols, each indicating a field name and followed by a value for the given field. ex. (make-struct-name 'field1 'value 'field2 456)
The ___ function creates an input port from a string. The ___, an output port. The ___ function is used to get the string from the output port
open-input-string, open-output-string, get-output-string
When a subclass is created, how are the slots of the subclass and the superclass combined? How are the methods combined?
The slots are merged; duplicate slots are eleminated, the slots from the subclass being preserved and those of the superclass being discarded (?). Duplicate methods are also eliminated, where the last duplicate is preserved, and the rest are eliminated (?)
The ___ function returns the first element of a vector which represents a class instance, returning #t by default, if the given argument is not a vector
class-of
In a quasiquoted list, how do you insert an s-expression? How do you insert an s-expression with it's surrounding parentheses removed?
`(,s-expression). `(,@s-expression)
The ___ form is specifically supported to locally define mutually recursive functions in it's body
letrec
The ___ macro can be used to define a set of methods which can be used to create and interact with an instance of a set of related, named data fields
defstruct
What function can be used to automatically close and input file after use? An output file? What are their parameters?
call-with-input-file. call-with-output-file. A string containing the file name, and a unary lambda which accepts the port as an argument
The ___ function is used to see if a file exists
file-exists?
What's an association list?
A list form where each entry is a dotted pair, the first item in each pair being interpreted as a key, and the second item as a value
Continuations can be used to create ___ - functions that have stored state which affects their return values during successive invocations
Generators
What does the assv function do?
Given an association list and a key, it returns the dotted pair which contains that key
The ___ function gets the value of a given slot from from a given class instance. The ___ function sets the value
slot-value, set!slot-value
___ is a struct which contains members for a list of 'slots' (data members), a list of method names, and a vector of lambdas, pointing to the methods associated with the aforementioned method names
standard-class
How do you create an input port for a file, by name? An output port?
open-input-file, open-output-file
___ are functions which save their state (using continuations (exclusively?)) before calling (one) another, to be resumed by (one) another at a later point in time
Coroutines
A class instance is a ___, where the first element is a reference to the class, and the remaining are twosomes where the first element of each twosome is a slot name, and the second is a value for that slot
vector
The ___ function applies a function to each item in a given list without returning the result
What's the difference between the write and display functions?
write prints it's output in a machine-readable format (ex. strings are written with surrounding quotes, characters are prefixed with #\), display doesn't
How is tail-call elimination possible? What conditions are necessary?
The recursive function must be invoked as the last sub-form in the function body. Since this is the case, the overall result of the function will be equal to the result returned by the last recursive invocation of the function - the interpreter doesn't need to return to the contexts of the previous calls; it won't affect the result
The ___ function (abbreviated 'call/cc') takes a lambda which accepts a single argument - a continuation - which permits the enclosing expression to be invoked like a function inside the lambda, accepting an argument that will be substituted for the call/cc expression within the surrounding expression
call-with-current-continuation
What are the 3 read operations that can be performed on input ports - what are the respective functions?
Read the next character, the next line, or the next s-expression; read-char, read-line, read
The ___ function executes a given string as an operating system command, returns #t if the exit status of the command was 0, #f if it was 1, and prints the output of the command to stdout
system
When a continuation is stored in a variable, it cannot be invoked more than once. t/f
f
The map function can apply a function to more than one list. t/f
t
Since classes can be considered instances too, you can represent a class as a vector. With support for multiple inheritance, the what would the 5 (?) values of the vector reference? What are the values set to for the standard class?
The first would be a reference to the class of the instance, which would need to set to the standard class for the standard class. The second would be a list of the slots in the vector (i.e. (list 'slots 'superclass-precedance (?) 'method-names (?) 'methods (?)). The third would initially be an empty list. The fourth would be '(make-instance). The fifth would be a list containing a reference to the make-instance procedure
The load function loads a relative path with respect to where the file is located, not where the interpreter is started. t/f. If not, which function does?
f. The load-relative function
The ___ function gets the value of a given environment variable
getenv
The ___ function returns a list of the results returned from a given function as applied to each of the respective items in a given series of lists
map
When defining classes as instances (i.e. instance vectors), how can a new class instance be created?
By using the send method to call the make-instance method on the standard class
Which sub-form in a named let indicates the name? Do the other sub-forms differ from those in an ordinary let?
Second. No
What are the (standard?) functions for a table struct? What does each do?
table-get (get's the value (not the dotted pair) associated with a given key, using the equivalence function in the struct), table-put! (updates the value associated with a given key (or adds a new dotted pair containing the key and value if the key isn't in the table?)), table-for-each (applies a lambda to each dotted pair within a for-each form, where the lambda accepts the first and second items of each dotted pair as two separate parameters
The ___ function reads and executes s-expressions sequentially from a given source file
load
Class methods are not part of the class, they're part of the class instance. t/f
f
Section 3
(5 cards)