Section 1
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survivorship curves
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (111)
Section 1
(50 cards)
survivorship curves
describe how mortality of individuals in a species varies during their lifetimes
community
group of populations of different species living in the same area
factors that contribute to biotic potential
age at reproductive maturity, clutch size, frequency of reproduction, reproductive lifetime, survivorship of offspring to reproductive maturity
type III survivorship curve
describe species in which most individuals die young, with only a relative few surviving to reproductive age and beyondexample: oysters, species with free-swimming larvae
resource partitioning
some species coexist in spite of apparent competition for the same resources. they actually occupy slightly different niches.
population dispersion
describes how individuals in a population are distributed
random dispersion
like trees in a forest; occurs because of special attractions or repulsions
uniform dispersion
like trees in an orchard, or plants with toxins
abiotic
nonliving
life history
describes an organism's strategy for maximum fitness
reproductive success
measure of fitness - how well an organism survives and reproduces
climate
long-term prevailing weather conditions in a given area; major components include temperature, precipitation, sunlight, and wind
interspecific competition
competition between two different species via...- competitive exclusion principle (Gause's principle)- resource partitioning- realized niche- character displacement (niche shift)
exponential growth
occurs when reproductive rate is greater than zero; forms a J-shaped curve on a graph
age structure
describes the abundance of individuals of each age
r-strategist (or r-selected species)
rapid, exponential growthquickly invade a habitat, quickly reproduce, then dieoffspring are small, quickly maturing, and require little to no parental care
density-dependent factors
limiting effect becomes more intense as the population density increasesexamples: parasites and disease, competition, toxic effect of waste products, predation, stress
macroclimate
global, regional, or local climateexample: changing angle of earth with respect to the sun, bodies of water, mountains that exert long-term effects
realized niche
when competitors are present, one or both species may be able to coexist by occupying realized niches. here, any niche overlap is absent. they do not compete for the same resources.
community ecology
concerned with the interaction of different populations
population
group of individuals of the same species living in the same area
carrying capacity
maximum number of individuals of a population that can be sustained by a particular habitat
k-strategist (or k-selected species)
slower, logistic growthsize of mature population remains relatively constantsmall number of large offspringextensive parental carereproduction repeats throughout lifetime
limiting factors
elements that prevent a population from attaining its biotic potential
logistic growth
occurs when limiting factors restrict the size of a population to the carrying capacity of the habitat; forms an S-shaped curve on a graph
ecosystem
interrelationships between organisms in a community and their physical environment
biosphere
composed of all the regions of the earth that contain living things (hydrosphere, geosphere, and atmosphere)
density-independent factors
occur independently of the density of a populationexamples: natural disasters and climate extremes
population size
symbolically represented by Nit is the total number of individuals in the population
population growth is described by...
biotic potential, carrying capacity, and limiting factors
biotic potential
maximum growth rate of a population under ideal conditions with unlimited resources and without any growth restrictions
character displacement
niche shiftcertain characteristics may enable individuals to obtain resources in their partitions more successfully. this reduces competition and leads to a divergence of features.
fundamental niche
niche that an organism occupies in the absence of competition
type I survivorship curve
describe a species in which most individuals survive to middle age; after that age, mortality is high.example: humans
population ecology
study of the growth, abundance, and distribution of populations
biome
large region of the earth whose distribution depends on the amount of precipitation and temperature in an area; characterized by dominant vegetation and animal life
niche
role and all biotic and abiotic resources in the environment used by an organism
reproductive success depends on four variables
age of reproductive maturityfrequency of reproductionnumber of offspring per reproductive eventhow long the organism lives
ecology
study of the distribution and abundance of organisms and their interactions with other organisms and with their physical environment
predation
predator totally or partly consumes a plant or other animal
microclimate
fine-scale variations, like sunlight and temperature under a log
true predator
kills and eats other animals
eutrophic lakes
shallower, higher-nutrient content, lower oxygen content, high concentration of phytoplankton
habitat
type of place where an organism usually lives; descriptions typically include the organisms and the physical and chemical characteristics of the environment
types of limiting factors
density-dependent factors and density-independent factors
biotic
living
population density
total number of individuals per area or volume occupied
type II survivorship curve
describe organisms in which the length of survivorship is random, that is, the likelihood of death is the same at any ageexample: rodents, invertebrates
clumped dispersion
most common pattern, like humans in cities or schools of fish
Competitive Exclusion (Gause's principle)
when two species compete for exactly the same resources, or occupy the same niche, one is likely to be more successful
Section 2
(50 cards)
primary succession
occurs where no soil was previously present; begins on rock. pioneer species and other plants break down rock into pebbles, then sand, then soil. as organisms die and decompose, it nourishes the soil allowing for more and larger organisms to grow or live in that area
cryptic coloration
camouflage; any color, pattern, shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings
bottom-up model of trophic interactions
describes how changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the bottom level (plants)
ecological pyramids
show relationships between trophic levels
carbon cycle - assimilation
photosynthesis, consumption
batesian mimicry
an animal without any special defense mechanism mimics the coloration of an animal that does possess a defense
herbivore
animal that eats plants; some act like predators and totally consume the organism whereas others may only eat a part of the plant
food chain
linear flow chart of who eats whomexample: grass >>> zebra >>> lion >>> vulture
detritivores
heterotrophs that obtain their energy by consuming dead plants and animals (detritus)
secondary consumers
carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat primary consumers
secondary compounds
toxic chemicals produced in plants that discourage would-be herbivores
coevolution
evolution of one species in response to new adaptations that appear in another species - evolutionary arms race
mullerian mimicry
several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same or similar coloration
parasitoid
insect that lays eggs on a host, usually an insect or spider, and after hatching the larvae consume the host
hydrologic cycle - release
plants transpire, animals and plants decompose
primary productivity
amount of organic matter produced through photosynthetic activity per unit of time
carbon cycle - release
respiration, decomposition, burning
top-down model of trophic interactions
changes in the structure of trophic levels are regulated by changes in the top trophic level
autotrophs
obtain energy from light or inorganic material
hydrologic cycle - reservoirs
oceans, air (water vapor), ground water, glaciers
ecological succession
change in the composition of species over time; one community is gradually and predictably replaced by another community
dominant species
most abundant species or species that contributes the greatest biomass to a community
food web
expanded, more complete version of a food chain that shows all major plants in the ecosystem, various animals that eat them, and the animals that eat the animals
heterotrophs
consumer other organisms for organic material and/or a source of energy
primary consumers
herbivores, heterotrophs that eat primary producers
types of symbiotic relationships
mutualismcommensalismparasitism
invasive species
introduced species that proliferates and displaces native species because it is a better competitor or because its natural predators or pathogens are absent
factors that influence biodiversity
climate, latitude, habitat size and diversity, and elevation
commensalism
one species benefits while the second is neither helped nor harmed
trophic level
an organism's place in a food chain or food web
primary producers
autotrophs that perform photosynthesis
mutualism
both species benefit
symbiosis
two species that live together in close contact during a portion or all of their lives
why will you typically not see more than five levels in a food chain, pyramid, or web?
only 10% of the energy at one trophic level is available for the next trophic level. 90% of the energy is used, stored, or lost. there's not enough energy in any ecosystem to support more than 5 levels. this is called ecological efficiency.
hydrologic cycle - assimilation
plants absorb water from soil, animals drink water or eat other organisms
biodiversity
function of the number of species, niches, and trophic levels in the ecosystem and the complexity of its food web
tertiary consumers
carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat secondary consumers
parasite
spends most or all of its live living on or in a host; obtains nourishment by feeding on host tissues
secondary succession
occurs as primary succession, except soil is already present
aposematic coloration
warning coloration; conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or are otherwise to be avoided
parasitism
parasite benefits while the host is harmed
keystone species
one that has a strong influence on the health of a community or ecosystem; removal of a keystone species results in dramatic changes in the makeup of species that comprise other trophic levels
in succession, resident species may alter...
substrate texture, soil pH, soil water potential, light, and crowding
climax community
final successional stage of constant species composition; persists relatively unchanged until destroyed by a catastrophic event, like fire
nitrogen cycle - reservoirs
atmosphere, soil
quaternary consumers
carnivores/omnivores, heterotrophs that eat tertiary consumers
pioneer species
species that are the first to colonize a newly exposed habitat; work to break down rock into smaller rock, then into sand, and finally into soil as succession progresses
biogeochemical cycles
describe the flow of essential elements from the environment to living things and back; elements are stored in reservoirs and assimilated into organisms as well as released back into the environment
carbon cycle - reservoirs
atmosphere, bodies of water, fossil fuels, peat, durable organic material
mimicry
two or more species resemble one another in appearance
Section 3
(11 cards)