Section 1
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Semantics
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (100)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Semantics
refers to the way that meaning is conveyed in a language through the use of its vocabulary
Inferential questions
students must draw conclusions, e.g., about a feeling, a new idea; "reading between the lines
Applied questions
creative questions that extend beyond text, e.g., "So what does this mean for us?" or "What would you have done if you were ____?" Additionally, teachers can use Bloom's Revised Taxonomy to make sure they are asking questions from across the taxonomy
Blends
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Phonological awareness
is the ability to recognizes and manipulate components of the sound system of a language; is an auditory process and skill
Partial alphabetic phase
As they get exposed to alphabet block playing and concrete letter objects are typical on early childhood programs. They begin connecting the shape of the letter with the sound that it represents.
Clusters
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Literal questions
questions that are easily answered and can be easily located within the text.
intelligible
able to be understood, comprehensible
Phonation disorder
describes any kind of abnormality in the vibration of the vocal fold. Ex. Hoarseness or extreme breathiness can interfere with comprehension
Denotation
literal meaning of words and ideas
Summative evaluation
occurs at the end of a specific time of course study.
Full alphabetic stage
At this stage, children begin making connections between the letters, the sounds that the represent, and the actual meaning of the word.
Connotation
refers to the implied meaning of words and ideas; therefore, speakers must have knowledge of the culture to understand an expression of applied meaning
Phonology
is the study of the sound system of a language.
Norm-referenced tests
the purpose is to compare the performance of groups of students; limited number can score high.
Ebonics
A language variant used by some African-American children
Alphabetic principle
The ability to connect letter with sounds, and create words based on these associations.
Cluttering
occurs when children try to communicate excessively fast mode that makes comprehension difficult.
Pre-alphabetic phase
identifying the logo of a store like Wal-mart, by their design instead of by specific letters contained in the logo.
Phonemic stress
where the stress is put on each syllable of a word
relative pronoun clauses
A relative clause does not express a complete thought, so it cannot stand alone as a sentence. ex. that, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whosever, whomever
gerunds
-ing verb
Reciprocal Teaching
is a research-bases method that develops comprehension. In small groups of four, students take on roles and practice four key comprehension strategies; summarizing, questioning, clarifying, and predicting.
convergent
indicates that only one answer is correct
Criterion-referenced tests (CRTs)
the teacher tries to measure each student against uniform objectives or criteria (STARR test)
sight words
words they can identify instantly
divergent
indicates that more than one answer is correct
Lexicon
refers to the vocabulary of a language
Imitation
a learning strategy that young children frequently use to replicate someone's behavior, actions, phrases, etc.
Consolidated alphabetic stage
Children begin conceptualizing that they can us components of words that the know to decode new words. They begin discovering how they can create new words with the use of onsets, rhymes, and other letter sequences.
Pre-reading activities
during this time prior knowledge is activated, during this time a teacher can make an unfamiliar topic seem familiar and an interest can be stirred up.
Syllabication
It refers to the ability to conceptualize and separate words into basic pronunciation components, which are syllables.
Grapheme
individual letters
Lisping
is a term used when children or adults produce the /s/, /sh/, /z/, and /ch/ with their tongue between the upper and lower teeth
Prior knowledge (background knowledge)
Something the student knew about the topic prior to studying.
Performance-based testing
asses how students perform on a certain task.
Formative evaluation
occurs during the process of learning when the teacher or the students monitor progress while it is still possible to modify instruction
Syntactic clues
requires the child to think about the words order in a sentence. The word order in a sentence might also provide clues to readers; context clues
Phonemic awareness
refers to a child's ability to understand that words have smaller components called sounds, and these sounds together create syllables and words
Syntax
The ordering of words into meaningful verbal patterns such as phrases, clauses, and sentences.
subordinate clauses
a clause, typically introduced by a conjunction, that forms part of and is dependent on a main clause (e.g., "when it rang" in "she answered the phone when it rang").
Stuttering
is characterized by multiple false starts or the inability to produce the intended sounds.
Running record
is a way to assess students' word identification skills, accuracy and fluency in oral reading.
Authentic assesments
Paper and pencil test, essay test as well as projects, observations, checklist, anecdotal records, portfolios, self-assessments, and peer assessments.
rubric
is a checklist with assigned point values.
Phonemes
basic units of sound
Pragmatics
describes how context can affect the interpretation of communication
Story retelling
a strategy used with children to assess listening and reading comprehension. This strategy also assess sentence structure knowledge, vocabulary, speaking ability and knowledge about the structure of stories.
Resonance disorder
describes abnormalities created when sound passes through the vocal tract. The most typical resonance disorder occurs when the sound passing through the nasal cavity changes oral sounds to nasal. This type of disorder should not be confused with nasal quality of Southern dialects like the Texas twang.
Section 2
(50 cards)