Section 1
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mediastinum
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
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Section 1
(50 cards)
mediastinum
It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, esophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest
eukaryotes parts x3
1. plasma membrane 2. nucleus-genetic material 3. cytoplasm-cytosol, contains organelles
polypeptide vs protein
polypeptide=few amino acids protein= >100 amino acids
the different positional phrases (superior, inferior ,etc) are based off of the...
anatomical position
ATP breaks down into..
ADP+Pi+energy
The thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity make up the
ventral body cavity
nucleus-size, contains
largest organelle contains DNA
nucleoli
-related to protein production -made of RNA, enzymes, and histones -synthesize rRNA and ribosomal subunits
Triglycerides 1. made up of 2. stored as 3. saturated 4. unsaturated
1, glycerol and 3 fatty acids 2. adipose 3. straight, no kinks, solid at rm temp PACKED-animal fats 4. oils, kinks liquid at room temp, packed loosely
channels
has central pore that acts as a passageway through the PM
fluid outside the cell
extracellular fluid/interstitial fluid
e- mass is
negligible
chromosomes
tightly coiled DNA (cells dividing)
1. DNA 2. Gene 3. Genetic Code
1. Instructions for every protein in the body 2. DNA instructions for ONE protein 3. The chemical language of DNA instructions--> sequences of bases
perinuclear space
space between the 2 layers of the nuclear envelope
importance of water x4
1. solubility-most substances dissolve in water 2. Reactivity: dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis 3. High heat capacity: can absorb and hold heat energy 4. Lubrication: very little friction btw water molecules
carrier proteins
bind solutes and transport them across the plasma membrane
matter is most stable when...
it contains the least amount of potential energy
cell theory x4
1. all living this made up of cells 2. all cells come from pre exisiting cells 3. a single cell is the smallest unit with characteristics of life and perform all vital physiological functions 4. Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
receptor proteins
sensitive to presence of extracellular ligands
Hydrogen bonds
weak: attraction between regions-very important in biological systems
cell's job x4
1. make macromolecules 2. excrete waste 3. gather raw materials 4. grow and reproduce
steroids 1. structure
1. 4 ring structure i.e. cholestrol
oligosaccharide def, examplex2
few sugars linked together-sucrose and maltose
The visceral pleura
covers the surface of the lungs
peritoneum
the membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity
decomposition/catabolism using water (eq)
A-B+H2O-->A-H + HO-B
Ionic
moderate-give up electrons NaCl
polysaccharides def, examplex2
complex carbohydrates: glycogen and starch
recognition proteins
identify itself
isotope
different number of neutrons
nuclear matrix
support filaments
1.most inner cavity that surrounds the heart 2. middle cavity 3. outermost cavity
1. visceral pericardium 2. pericardial cavity 3. parietal pericardium
hemoglobin: which protein structure
quatenary
anchoring proteins
attach plasma membrane to other structures to give it stability
covalent bonds
strong: e- are shared H2O
main differences btw RNA and DNA x2
RNA is single stranded RNA codes for proteins DNA stores genetic info
chromatin
loosely coiled DNA (cells not dividing)
nuclear envelope: structure
double membrane (lipid bilayer) around the nucleus
prokaryotes parts x3
1. lack nucleus 2. lacks membrane bound organelles 3. plasma membrane surrounded by a rigid cell wall
nucleoplasm
fluid containing ions, enzymes, nucleotides and some RNA
nuclear pores
communication passages
Popliteus
back of knees
examples of monosaccharide x4
glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose
Functions of the Plasma membrane x4
1. Physical isolation 2. Regulation of Exchange with the environment 3. Sensitivity to environment 4. Structural support
12 molecules of life
H Na Mg K Ca Fe C N O P S Cl
nucleosomes
DNA coiled around histones
weight of protons and neutrons are
similar=1 amu
mental region
region of the chin
olecranon
elbow
Section 2
(50 cards)
1. endocytosis 2. pinocytosis 3. phagocytosis
1. moves things into the cell (small bites) 2. takes sample of enviro w/o intention of eating bulk 3. engulf large particles (i.e. bacteria)
Translation 1. what 2. 3 steps
ribosome read mRNA to --> protein (in cytoplasm) -assembles amino acids into polypeptide chain 1. mRNA moves from nucleus through nuclear pore 2. mRNA moves to a ribosomes in cytoplasm 3. mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits-tRNA delivers amino acids to mRNA
transmembrane potential
unequal charge across the plasma membrane
Reason why cells are so small x3
1. metabolic activities are proportionate to size 2. raw materials leave by crossing plasma membrane (if cell too big, not enough nutrients) 3. as objects get larger, their volume increases more than SA
TCA cycle: where and what
pyruvic acid to CO2 (in matrix)
transcription 1. what 2. 3 steps
1. DNA--> mRNA (in nucleus) Steps: 1. Gene activation 2. DNA-> mRNA 3. RNA processing
nucleus --> proteins steps
nucleus contains chromosomes--> which has DNA--> genetic instructions for proteins--> proteins determine cell structure and function
7 steps to receptor mediated endocytosis
1. target molecules bind to receptors in plasma membrane 2. areas coated with ligands form deep pockets in plasma membrane surface 3. pockets pinch off, forming endosomes known as coated vesicles 4. coated vesicles fuse with primary lysosomes to form secondary lysosomes 5. ligands removed and absorbed into cytoplasm 6. lysosomal and endosomal membranes separate 7. endosome fuses with the plasma membrane and receptors are again available for ligand binding
microtubulesx5
large hollow tublin protein -attach to centrosome -form spindle apparatus -strengthen cell and anchor organelles -change cell shape -move vesicles within cells
4 steps to cancer
1. abnormal cell 2, primary tumor 3. metastasis 4. secondary tumor
intermediate filamentsx4
-durable -strengthen cell and maintain shape -stabilize organelles -stabilize cell position
ETC
inner mitochondial membrane 32 ATP
slower mitotic rate means
longer cell life
primary lysosome
formed by golgi apparatus and inactive enzymes
osmosis
net diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
secondary lysosomes
lysosome fused with damaged organelle -digestive enzymes activated -toxic chemicals isolated
cell cycle and check points
*interphase** 1. Go 2. G1-normal cell function, grow, protein synthesis 3. S phase-DNA replication-DNA strands unwind, DNA polymerase attaches nucleotides 4. G2-protein synthesis 5. mitosis (IPMAT) 6. cytokinesis
anaphase
daughter chromosomes group near centrioles
4 enviromental factors that control cell cycle
1. growth factors 2. hormones 3. availability of nutrients 4. cell-cell contact
facilitated diffusion: energy? limitation?
NO energy limited rate b/c it has to open and close
diffusion
molecules move about randomly to spread out: higher to lower concentration
Aerobic metabolism
glucose+oxygen+ADP=carbon dioxide, water and ATP
3 examples of passive transport
1. DIFFUSION through lipid bilayer (small uncharged molecules O2, CO2) 2. DIFFUSION through CHANNELS -small water soluble (polar) molecules and ions -ungated-open all the time (water) -gated-open and close 3. FACILITATED transport -large molecules that cannot diffuse through lipids -uses transporter protein
Functions of Smooth ER
1. synthesizes lipids and carbs 2. phospholipids and cholesterol 3. steroid hormones 4. glycerides 5. glycogen
Glycolysis: where and what
glucose to pyruvic acid (in cytosol)
telophasex4
1. nuclear membrane reform 2. chromosomes recoil 3. nucleoli reappear 4. cell has 2 complete nuclei
microfilaments
thin filaments composed of the protein actin -provide additional mechanical strength -interact with proteins for consistency -pair with thick filaments for muscle movement
water (solvent) moves in (same/opposite) direction as the solute
OPPOSITE
1. Early in development differentiation based on... 2. Later in development controlled by x2
1. enviromental cues of wahat's surrounding a cell and what nutrients it can get 2. history of the cels that came before it -local environment
start codon
AUG
1. Internal & 2. external factors that promote cell division 3. decrease cell division x2
1. Internal: MPF (m-phase promoting factor) 2. extracellular: growth factors 3. repressor genes 4. worn out telomeres
plasma membrane is (permeability)
selectively permeable
Golgi apparatus: function and 3 vesicles produced
-modify and package product for exocytosis 1. lysosomes-carry enzymes to cytosol 2. secretory vesicle 3. membrane renewal vesicles
steps to phagocytosis
1. material is brough into cell by phagosome 2. exposed to lyososomal enzymes 3. after nutrients absorbed from the vesicle the residue discharged by exocytosis
what increases cell surface area?
microvilli
when you hear "pump" think...
ATP!
Prophasex5
1. nucleoli disappear 2. centriole pairs move to cell poles 3. microtubules extend btw centriole pairs 4. nuclear envelope disappears 5. spindle fibers attach to kinetochore
adulthood most common stop site:
Go
neoplasm
tumor
functions of lysosomes
1. clean up inside cells 2. break down large molecules 3. attack bacteria 4. recycle damaged organelles 5. eject wastes through exocytosis 6. autolysis (apoptosis) --> lysosome membrane break down, digestive enzymes flow out and cell decomposes
1. most of a cell's life is spent in: 2. cytokinesis forms:
1. interphase 2. 2 daughter cells
Four major functions of ER
1. synthesis of proteins, carbs, lipids 2. Storage of synthesized molecules 3. Transport of materials w/in the ER 4. Detoxification of drugs or toxins
Functions of Rough ER
-folds polypeptides protein structures -encloses products in transport vesicles
resting potential ranges from
-10mv to -100mV depending on cell type
proteasomes
contain enzymes that diasassemble damaged proteins for recycling
centrosome
cytoplasm surrounding the centrioles that form spindles during cell division
vesicles enter___ and exit___
1. forming face (facing rough ER) 2. maturing face (smooth ER)
cytoskeleton made up of x3
proteins for shape and strength: -microfilaments -intermediate filaments -microtubules
free ribosomes vs fixed ribosomes
free: in cytoplasm-manufacture proteins for CELL fixed: attached to ER-manufacture proteins for SECRETION
cisternae
storage chambers within the membranes of Endoplasmic reticulum
Section 3
(35 cards)