Section 1
Preview this deck
thylakoid
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
7 years ago
Date created
Mar 14, 2020
Cards (98)
Section 1
(50 cards)
thylakoid
a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast. Often exist in stacks called grana that are interconnected; their membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light energy to chemical energy
stroma
the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water
endosymbiont theory
the theory that mitochondria and plastids, including chloroplasts, originated as prokaryotic cells engulfed by an ancestral eukaryotic cell. The engulfed cell and its host cell then evolved into a single organism
mitochondrial matrix
the compartment of the mitochondrion enclosed by the inner membrane and containing enzymes and substrates for the citric acid cycle, as well as ribosomes and DNA
centrosome
a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; has 2 centrioles
granum
a stack of membrane-bounded thylakoids in the chloroplast. Grana function in the light reactions of photosynthesis
nucleoid
a non-membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated
cytoskeleton
a network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling function.
nuclear lamina
a netlike array of protein filaments that lines the inner surface of the nuclear envelope and helps maintain the shape of the nucleus
scanning electron microscope (SEM)
a microscope that uses an electron beam to scan the surface of the sample, coated with metal atoms, to study details of its topography.
flagella
a long cellular appendage apecialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with 9 outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single mictrotubules (the "9+2" arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane.
food vacuole
a membranous sac fromed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or particles to be used as food by the cell
organelle
any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
motor protein
a protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements and other cell components, producing movement of the whole cell or parts of the cell
cell fractionation
the disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds
vacuole
a membrane-bounded vesicle whose specialized function varies in different kinds of cells
cytosol
the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus
lysosome
a membrane-enclosed sac of hydrolytic enzymes found in the cytoplasm of animal cells and some protists. Contains a stockpile of digestive enzymes, important in breaking down nutrients, destroying bacteria, recycling, and development
endomembrane system
the collection of membranes inside and surrounding a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles; includes the plasma membrane, the nuclear envelope, the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and vacuoles
mitochondria
an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP
electron microscope (EM)
a microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a spectrum, resulting in a practical resolution of a hundredfold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. A transmission electron microscope (TEM) is used to study the internal structure of thin sections of cells. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the fine details of the cell surface.
prokaryotic cell
No nucleus DNA is in an unbound region called the nucleoid No membrane-bound organelles Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane Pr
chromatin
the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, chromatin exists in its dispersed form, as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope
cytoplasm
the contents of the cell bounded by the plasma membrane; in eukaryotes, the portion exclusive of the nucleus
plasma membrane
the membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell's chemical composition
cristae
an infolding of the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. The inner membrane houses electron transport chains and molecules of the enzyme catalyzing the synthesis of ATP (ATP synthase)
ribosome
a complex of rRNA and protein molecules that function as a site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; consists of a large and small subunit. In eukaryotic cells, each subunit is assembled in the nucleolus
vesicle
a membranous sac in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell
light microscope (LM)
an optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens
peroxisome
an organelle containing enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from various substrates to oxygen (O2), producing and then degrading hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
glycoprotein
a protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates
nucleolus
a specialized structure in the nucleus, consisting of chromosomal regions containing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes along with ribosomal proteins imported from the cytoplasm; site of rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
plastid
one of a family of closely related organelles that includes chloroplasts, chromoplasts, and amlyoplasts. Found in cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes
transmission electron microscope (TEM)
a microscope that passes electron beam through very thin sections stained with metal atoms and is primarily used to study the internal ultrastructure of cells
Golgi apparatus
an organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of flat membranous sacs that modify, store, and route products of the ER and synthesize some products, notably noncellular carbohydrates
rough ER
the portion of the ER with ribosomes attached
cilia
a short appendage containing microtubules in eukaryotic cells. A motile cillium is specialized for locomotion or moving fluid past the cell; formed from a core of 9 outer doublet microtubules and 2 inner single microtubules (the "9+2" arrangement) ensheathed in an ectension of the plasma membrane. Primary cillium usually nonmotile and plays sensory and signaling role; lack 2 inner microtubules (the "9+0" structure)
eukaryotic cell
a type of cell with membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes
nucleus
an atom's central core, containing protons and neutrons; the organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes, made up of chromatin; a cluster of neutrons
nuclear envelope
in a eukaryotic cell, the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus, perforated with pores that regulate traffic with the cytoplasm. The outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
an extensive membranous network in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer nuclear membrane and composed of ribosome-studded (rough) and ribosome-free (smooth) regions
phagocytosis
a type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It's carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophilis, and dendritic cells).
central vacuole
in a mature plant cell, a large membranous sac with diverse roles in growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances
chromosome
a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins (a bacterial chromosome usually consists of a single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. It is found in the nucleoid region, which is not membrane bounded.
transport vesicle
a small membranous sac in a eukaryotic cell's cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by the cell
microtubules
a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella
smooth ER
the portion of the ER that is free of ribosomes
contractile vacuole
a membranous sac formed that helps moves excess water out of certain freshwater protists
centriole
a structure in the centrosome of an animal cell composed of a cylinder of microtubule triplets arranged in a 9+0 pattern
chloroplast
an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide
Section 2
(48 cards)