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AP Biology Chapter 9

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Section 1

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Obligate Anaerobes

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Biology Science

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Mar 14, 2020

Cards (24)

Section 1

(24 cards)

Obligate Anaerobes

Front

organisms that only carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration-cannot survive in presence of oxygen

Back

Proton-motive Force

Front

H+ gradient and its capacity to do work

Back

Fermentation

Front

-catabolic process that partially degrades sugars w/o oxygen -expansion of glycolysis that allows continuous generation of ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation of glucose -regenerates NAD+ by transferring electron from NADH to pyruvate -produce ATP by harvesting chemical energy of food -use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate-net production of 2 ATP w/ substrate level phosphorylation -NAD+ is oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food in glycolysis -final electron acceptor is organic molecule

Back

Anaerobic Respiration

Front

-process of using substances other than oxygen as reactants to harvest chemical energy w/o oxygen -use electron transport chain but don't use oxygen as final electron acceptor

Back

Redox Reactions

Front

reactions w/ electron transfer

Back

Oxidizing Agent

Front

electron acceptor

Back

Reducing Agent

Front

electron donor

Back

Alcohol Fermentation

Front

-pyruvate converted to ethanol 1. CO2 released from pyruvate-converted to 2-carbon acetaldehyde 2. acetaldehyde reduced by NADH to ethanol-regenerates supply of NAD+ for glycolysis

Back

Cytochromes

Front

most of remaining electron carriers

Back

Oxidation

Front

loss of electrons from one substance

Back

Glycolysis

Front

-begins degradation process by breaking glucose into 2 pyruvate molecules +2 ATP w/ substrate-level phosphorylation

Back

NAD+

Front

-coenzyme electron acceptor -oxidizing agent in respiration

Back

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

Front

mode of ATP synthesis when enzyme transfers phosphate group from substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding inorganic phosphate to ADP

Back

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Front

-pyruvate reduced directly by NADH -> form lactate w/ no release of CO2 -sugar catabolism for ATP production outpaces muscle's supply of oxygen -> cells switch from aerobic respiration to fermentation

Back

Cellular Repsiration

Front

-process for animal to breathe oxygen; aerobic + anaerobic -C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP + heat)

Back

Chemiosmosis

Front

-process in which energy stored as H+ gradient across membrane used to drive cellular work like ATP synthesis -protons move one by one to binding sites of ATP synthase -> spins in way to catalyze production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphatwe

Back

Electron Transport Chain

Front

breaks fall of electrons to oxygen in energy releasing steps -consists of molecules (proteins) in inner membrane (eukaryote)/plasma membrane (prokaryote)

Back

Aerobic Respiration

Front

-oxygen consumed as reactant along w/ organic fuel -prokaryotes and eukaryotes -produce ATP by harvesting chemical energy of food -use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate-net production of 2 ATP w/ substrate level phosphorylation -NAD+ is oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food in glycolysis -final electron acceptor is NADH is oxygen-regenerates NAD+ for glycolysis, pays ATP bonus when electron transport from NADH -> O2 drives oxidative phosphorylation -citric acid cycle-oxidation of pyruvate bigger ATP pay off -19x more energy/sugar molecule

Back

Facultative Anaerobes

Front

-make enough ATP to survive using fermentation or respiration -pyruvate -> 2 alternative catabolic rates -aerobic conditions: pyruvate -> acetyl CoA-oxidation continues in Krebs Cycle -anaerobic conditions: pyruvate diverted from Krebs Cycle-serves as electron acceptor to recycle NAD+ - has to consume sugar at faster rate

Back

Reduction

Front

addition of electrons to another substance

Back

ATP Synthase

Front

-enzyme in inner membrane of mitochondrion that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic protein -ion pump running in reverse -uses energy of existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis

Back

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front

-mode of ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions in electron transport chain-energy released at each step of chain stored in form for mitochondria -90% of ATP generated +32-34 ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Back

Citric Acid Cycle

Front

-completes breakdown of glucose by oxidizing pyruvate to CO2 -CO2 produced represents fragments of oxidized organic molecules -takes place in mitochondrial matrix (eukaryotic) /cytosol (prokaryotic) +2 w/ substrate-level phosphorylation

Back

Acetyl CoA

Front

junction between glycolysis and citric acid cycle 1. pyruvate's carboxyl group (-COO-) removed and given of as molecule of CO2 2. remaining 2-carbon fragment oxidized -> acetate. enzyme transfers extracted electrons to NAD+, storing energy in form of NADH 3. coenzyme A attached to acetate by unstable bond that makes acetyl group very reactive -> acetyl CoA has high potential energy-reaction to yield lower energy products is highly exergonic

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