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Biochemistry I - Genetic Recombination & Statistics

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In a sex linked trait, what is necessary for phenotypic expression of the disease? (disregarding penetrance and expressivity factors).

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (27)

Section 1

(27 cards)

In a sex linked trait, what is necessary for phenotypic expression of the disease? (disregarding penetrance and expressivity factors).

Front

In males, the X chromosome with the diseased allele and female with both X chromosomes with the diseased alleles

Back

In general, what is a confidence interval of 95% in regard to mean age of a population?

Front

95% confident the true mean age of the population is within the interval

Back

In a test cross, what is used with the unknown genotype?

Front

A homozygous recessive genotype

Back

What does an exponential graph look like? (opposite of logarithmic)

Front

Back

Crossing two heterozygotes with complete dominance in a dihybrid cross results in what ratio for phenotype and what ratio for genotype `and phenotype?

Front

9:3:3:1 for genotype 3:1 for phenotype

Back

Genes with a higher recombination frequency (a chiasma) will be located where in relation to each other on the chromosome?

Front

Far apart from each other

Back

Crossing two heterozygotes with complete dominance in a monohybrid cross results in what ratio for phenotype and for genotype?

Front

1:2:1 for genotype 3:1 for phenotype

Back

In a normal distribution, what percent of the population is within one, two, and three SD's of the center?

Front

68%, 95%, and 99%

Back

In hypothesis testing, what are the two hypotheses, usually?

Front

Null Difference between treatments

Back

What does a logarithmic graph look like? (opposite of exponential)

Front

Back

What do the two Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equations tell us?

Front

The frequency of alleles in the population (first) The frequency of genotypes in the population (second)

Back

In a box-plot, what does the line in the middle refer to?

Front

The median

Back

Differentiate between type I and type II errors.

Front

Type I: Report difference when one does NOT exist (false positive) Type II: Report no difference when one does exist (false negative)

Back

What are exhaustiveness and mutual exclusivity in regard to statistics?

Front

Exhaustiveness is where there a group of outcomes are all the outcomes that can occur Mutual exclusivity refers to outcomes that cannot occur at the same time

Back

If your grandparents are in the P generation, what generation would YOU be in?

Front

F₂

Back

What is power in statistical testing?

Front

The probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is, indeed, false

Back

In probability, when using the word "and" or "or," what should you do?

Front

With "and" multiply the probabilities With "or" add them and subtract the probability of both happening together

Back

Which is the only one of Hill's criteria that is required for causation?

Front

Temporality

Back

T/F All variables that are causally related must be also be correlated with each other.

Front

T

Back

A bimodal distribution will have what shape?

Front

Two peaks with a valley in the middle

Back

How is an outlier determined?

Front

If it is 1.5 greater than or less than Q3 and Q1, respectively.

Back

Where is the mean located relative to the mode in a skewed distribution?

Front

It will also ways located further TOWARD the tail

Back

Sex-linked traits are usually recessive or dominant?

Front

Recessive (why they are so common in males) Occur on X chromosome

Back

In a skewed distribution, where will the tail be for negative and positive distributions?

Front

The tail will be to the left in a negative distribution while the tail will be to the right in a positive distribution

Back

Are results statistically significant if the null hypothesis is rejected or accepted?

Front

Rejected (p value is less than significance level, typically 0.05)

Back

What does it mean for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

Front

The allele frequency is NOT changing, thus the population is not undergoing evolution.

Back

In a monohybrid cross, the letters at the top of the Punnet square refer to what?

Front

The alleles from a gamete of a particular parent

Back