Section 1
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Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which groups?
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Cards (166)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of which groups?
radiolarians and forams
Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?
Each bird's survival was strongly influenced by the dept and strength of its beak as the drought persisted
the most important feature that permits a gene to act as a molecular clock is
having a reliable average rate of mutation
Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?
genetic drift
Which statement represents the best explanation for the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and domestic dogs has a very high degree of sequences homology?
Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor very recently
You are given 5 test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to match these 5 protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silcia. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic ananlysis of organisms in test tubes 2,4, and 5 reveals the presence of membrane bound sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of test tube 4 revelas the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents of test tube 5 reveals the presence of one large and several small nuclei in each organism. Test tube 4 contains what?
Plasmodium
Placing whales and hippos in the same clade means?
that they had a common ancestor
Which of the following is correctly described as a primary poducer?
diatom
Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate?
a postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability
According to the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells, how did mitochondria originate?
from engulfed, orignally free-living proteobacteria
Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
genetic variation among individuals
the chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?
cyanobacteria -green algae-land plants
Assuming each of these possesses a weak cell wall, which prokaryotes should be expected to be most strongly resistant to plasmolysis in hypertonic environments?
extreme halophiles
Dogs (canis lupus familiaris) and gray wolves (canis lupus) can interbreed to produce viable, fertile offspring. These species shared a common ancestor recently (in geologic time) and have a high degree of genetic similarity, although their anatomies vary widely. Judging from this evidence, which two species concepts are most likely to place dogs and wolves together into a single species?
biological and phylogentic
Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes) was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of
the fossil record
What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundries?
gene flow
Biologists suspect that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because ?
All eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids
Though plants, fungi, and prokaryotes all have cell walls, we place them in different taxa. Which of these observations come closest to explaining the basis for placing these organisms in different taxa, well before relevent data from molecular systematics became available?
their cell walls are composed of very different biochemicals
Which term best describes the symbiotic relationship of well fed P. bursaria to their zoochlorellae?
mutualistic
The best classification system is that which most closely?
unites organisms that possess similar morphologies
Which of the following was derived from an ancestral cyanobacterium?
chloroplast
Cladograms (a phylogenetic tree) constructed from evidence from molecular systematics are based on similarities in?
mutations to homologous genes
Which statement about genomes of prokaryotes is correct?
prokaryotic genomes are composed of circular DNA
Which statement concerning protists is true?
Euglenozoans that are mixotrophic lack functional chloroplasts
Which two structures play direct roles in permitting bacteria to adhere to each other or to other surfaces?
capsules and fimbrae
Which eukaryotic kingdom includes members that are the result of endosymbiosis that included an ancient bacterium and an ancient cyanobacterium?
plantae or protista
Which pair of alternatives is highlighted by the life cycle of the cellular slime molds, such as Dictyostelium?
autotroph or heterotroph
Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the followin reproductive isolating mechanisms?
habitat isolation
Which of following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?
genetic variation among individuals
Which of following is the correct sequence of events in the origin of life? I. formation of protobionts II. synthesis of organic monomers III. synthesis of organic polymers IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
II. synthesis of organic monomers, III. synthesis of organic polymers, I. formation of protobionts, IV. formation of DNA-based genetic systems
Which statement about the domain Archaea is true?
Genetic prospecting has recently revealed the existence of many previously unknown archaean species
You are given 5 test tubes, each containing an unknown protist, and your task is to match these 5 protists to the correct test tube. In test tube 1, you observe an organism feeding. When light, especially red and blue light, is shone on the tubes, oxygen bubbles accumulate on the inside of test tubes 2 and 3. Chemical analysis of test tube 3 indicates the presence of substantial amounts of silcia. Chemical analysis of test tube 2 indicates the presence of a chemical that is toxic to fish and humans. Microscopic ananlysis of organisms in test tubes 2,4, and 5 reveals the presence of membrane bound sacs just under the plasma membrane. Microscopic analysis of test tube 4 revelas the presence of an apicoplast in each. Microscopic analysis of the contents of test tube 5 reveals the presence of one large and several small nuclei in each organism. Test tube 3 contains?
Navicula (diatom)
The predatory bacterium, Bdellovibrio bacteriophorus, drills into a prey bacterium and once inside digests it. In an attack upon a gram-negative bacterium that has a slimy cell covering, what is the correct sequence of structures penetrated by the B. bacteriophorus on its way to the prey's cytoplasm?
capsule, membrane composed mostly of lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, membrane composed mostly of phospholipids
chloramphenicol is an antibiotic that targets prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes, but not eukaryotic (80S) ribosomes. Which of these questions stems from this observation, plus an understanding of eukaryotic origins?
If chloramphenicol inhibits prokaryotic ribosomes, should it not also inhibit mitochondrial ribosomes
The importance of computer software to modern cladistics is most closely linked to advances in?
molecular genetics
which eukaryotic kingdom is polyphyletic, and therefore unacceptable, based on cladistics?
protista
One morphological feature of modern cetaceans is a vestigial pelvic girdle. If it is determined that cetacean lineage diverged from the artiodactyls lineage after the divergence of pigs and other artiodactyla, then what should be true of the vestigial pelvic girdle of cetaceans?
It should be considered a shared derived character of the cetaceans
In the formula for determining a population's genotype frequencies, the 2 in the term 2pq is necessary because?
heterozygotes can come about in 2 ways
Which statement about bacterial walls is false? A. Cell walls prevent cells from bursting ins hypotonic environments B. Bacterial walls are similar in function to the cell walls of many protists, fungi and plants C. Cell walls provide the cell with a degree of physical protection from the environment D. Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions E. Bacterial cell walls differ in molecular composition from plant cell walls.
D. Cell walls prevent cells from dying in hypertonic conditions
The various taxonomic levels (namely, genera, classes, etc.) of the hierarchial classification system differ from each other on the basis od
morphological characters that are applicable to all organisms
Prokaryotic ribosomes differ from those present in eukaryotic cytosol. Because of this, which of the following is correct?
Some antibiotics can block the synthesis of peptidoglycan in the walls of bacteria and translation can occur at the same time as transcription in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes
Which term most accurately describes the nutritional mode of healthy P. bursaria?
mixotroph
natural selection is based on all of the following except?
individuals adapt to their environments and thereby evolve
Which of the following traits do archeans and bacteria share? 1. composition of cell wall 2. presence of a plasma membrane 3. lack of a nuclear envelope 4. indentical rRNA sequences
2 and 3
It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that
island forms and mainland forms descended from common ancestors
How were the conditions on the early earth more than 3 billion years ago different from those on todays earth?
Only early earth was intensely bombarded by large space debris
The chloroplasts of all of the following are thought to be derived from ancestral red algae, except those of
green algae
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow student's remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result. "Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes
which kind of DNA should provide the best molecular clock for determining the evolutionary relatedness of several species whose common ancestor became extinct billions of years ago?
that coding for ribosomal RNA
Which is a major cause of size limits for certain types of cells
the need for a surface area of sufficient area to support the cell's metabolic needs
Section 2
(50 cards)
Which of the following is the most accurate summary of Cuvier's consideration of fossils found in the vicinity of Paris?
extinction of species yes, evolution of a new species no
jaws first occurred in which extant group of fishes
chondrichthyans (sharks and rays)
There is still some controversy among biologists about whether Neanderthals should be placed within the same species as modern humans or into a separate species all their own. Most DNA sequence data analyzed so far indicate that there was probably little or no gene flow between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Which species concept is most applicable in this example?
Biological
Bird guides once listed the myrtle warbler and Audubon's warbler as distinct species. Recently, these birds have been classified as eastern and western forms of a single species, the yellow-rumped warbler. Which of the following pieces of evidence, if true, would be cause for this reclassification?
The two forms interbreed often in nature, and their offspring have good survival and reproduction
In a hypothetical population's gene pool, an autosomal gene, which had previously been fixed, undergoes a mutation that introduces a new allele, one inherited according to incomplete dominance. Natural selection then causes stabilizing selection at this locus. Consequently, what should happen over the course of many generations?
the proportion of the population that is heterozygous at this locus should remain constant
chemicals, secreted by soil fungi, that inhibit the growth of bacteria are known as
antibiotics
Within six months of successfully using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new infections were caused by MRSA. How can this result best be explained?
Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment,and natural selection increased their frequency
The oxygen revolution changed Earth's environment dramatically. which of the following took advantage of the presence of free oxygen in the oceans and atmosphere?
the evolution of cellular respiration which used oxygen to help harvest energy from organic molecules
Adult male humans generally have deeper voices than do adult female humans, which is the direct result of higher levels of testosterone causing growth of the larynx. If the fossil records of apes and humans alike show a trend toward decreasing larynx size in adult females and increasing larynx size in adult males then
sexual dimorphism was developing over time these species
Which of the following is a defining characteristic that all protobionts had in common?
a surrounding membrane or membrane like structure
The most likely explanation for the high rate of sympatric speciation that apparently existed among cichlids of Lake Victoria in the past is
pollution
Which of the following is not a characteristic of arthropods
a pseudocoelom
if a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced the sunlight reaching earths surface by 70% for one year, which of the following marine communities most likely would be least affected?
deep-sea vent
Which of the following factors would not contribute to allopatric speciation?
Gene flow between two populations is extensive
which of these should decline in hybrid zones where reinforcement is occurring?
gene flow between distinct gene pools
The difference between geographic isolation and habitat differentiation is the
relative locations of the two populations as speciation occurs
An early consequence of the release of oxygen gas by plant and bacterial photosynthesis was to
cause iron in ocean water and terrestrial rocks to rust
immediately after karyogamy occurs which term applies
diploid
Which of the following statement about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible.
I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation and III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible.
In the wild, male house finches (carpous mexicanus) vary considerably in the amount of red pigmentation in their head and throat feathers, with colors ranging from pale yellow to bright red. These colors come form carotenoid pigments that are found in the birds diets; no vertebrates are known to synthesize cartotenoid pigments. Thus, the brighter red the male's feathers are the more successful he has been at aquiring red carotenoid pigment by his food gathering efforts(all factors being equal). During breeding season, one should expect femal house finches to prefer to mate with males with the brightest red feathers. Which of the following is true of this situation?
alleles that promote more efficient acquisition of cartoenoid containing foods by males should increase over the course of generations, there should be directional selection for bright red feathers in males, and allels that promote more effective deposition of carotenoid pigments in the feathers of males should increase over the course of generations.
In the Hardy-Weinberg population with 2 alleles A and a that are in equilibrium the frequency of allele a is 0.2. What is the percentage of the population that is heterozygous fro this allele?
32.0
natural selection involves energetic trade-offs between
high survival rates of offspring and the cost of parental care
which of the following abiotic factors has the greatest influence on the metabolic rates of plants and animals
temperature
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection 1. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring than do poorly adapted individuals 2. A change occurs in environment 3. Genetic frequencies within the population change 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship
2-4-1-3
A hybrid zone is defined as?
an area where mating occurs between members of two closely related species, producing viable offspring
In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be the result of genetic variation. Which of the following is a recognized source of variation for evolution?
recombination by crossing over in meiosis
two closley related populations of mice have been separated for many generations by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible outcome when they meet?
They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations.
which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?
female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs
In Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele a is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with the AA genotype?
0.81
Some green algae exhibit alternation of generations. No charyophytes exhibit alternation of generations. Keeping in mind recent evidence from molecular systematic, the correct interpretation of these observations is that
plants evolved alternation of generations independently of green algae
If the half life of carbon 14 is about 5730 years, then a fossil that has one-fourth the normal proportion of carbon 14 to carbon 12 should be about how many years old?
11,460
You are confronted with a box of preserved grasshoppers of various species that are new to science and have not been described. Your assignment is to separate them into species. There is no accompanying information as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
morphological
Which of these observations give the most support to the endosymbiotic theory for the origin of eukaryotic cells?
the similarity in size between the cytosolic ribosomes of prokaryotes and the ribosomes within mitochondria and chloroplasts
Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?
poorly adapted individuals never produce offspring
palm trees and subtropical plants are commonplace in Land's End England, whose latitude is the equivalent of Labrador in coastal Canada where local flora is subarctic. Which statement best explains why this apparent anomaly exists between north America and Europe?
Warm ocean currents interact with England, whereas cold ocean currents interact with Labrador
which extant chordates are postulated to be the most like the earliest chordates in appearance?
lancelets
Which of the following statements best describes theories
they are supported by, and make sense of, many observations
If a fern gametophyte is a hermaphrodite (that is, has both male and female gametangia on the same plant)then it
belongs to a species that is homosporous
Males of different species of the fruit fly Drosophilia that live in the same parts of the Hawaiian Islands have different elaborate courtship rituals. These rituals involve fighting other males and making stylized movements that attract females. What type of reproductive isolation does this represent?
behavioral isolation
The role that humans play in artificial selection is to
choose which organisms to breed and which do not
during chordate evolution, what is the sequence (from the earliest to most recent) in which the following structures arose? 1. amniotic eqq 2. paired fins 3. jaws 4. swim bladder 5. four-chambered heart
32415 or 23415
The synthesis of new DNA requires the prior existence of oligonucleotides to serve as primers. On earth, these primers are small RNA molecules. This latter observation is evidence in support of the hypothesized existence of
earlier genetic systems than those based on DNA
DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
What was the prevailing belief prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?
earth is a few thousand years old and populations are unchanging
the last common ancestor of all animals was probably a
flagellated protist
Most Swiss starling produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Which of the following terms best describes this situation?
stabilizing selection
Which of the following statements provides the strongest evidence that prokaryotes evolved before eukaryotes?
the oldest fossilized cells resemble prokaryotes
If the bacterium staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining antibiotic-resistant genes, then what should happen in the environments from which antibiotics are missing?
these bacteria should be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost these genes
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that?
speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time
fossilized stromatolites
resemble structures formed by bacterial communities that are found today in some warm shallow salty bays
Section 3
(50 cards)
Based on the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, a community's species diversity is
increased by moderate levels of disturbance.
In plants, which of the following are produced by mitosis?
haploid gametophytes
an adult animal that possesses radial symmetry is most certainly also?
diploblastic
In both lichens and mycorrhizae, what does the fungal partner provide to its photosynthetic partner?
water and minerals
which of the following is a diploblastic phylum of aquatic predators?
Cnidaria
At which developmental stage should one be able to first distinguish a diploblastic embryo from a triploblastic embryo?
gastrulation
In septate fungi, what structures allow cytoplasmic streaming to distribute needed nutrients, synthesized compounds, and organelles throughout the hyphae?
pores in cross-walls
All of the following have been used by plants to avoid being eaten except
producing tissues that have unappealing colors.
How does phosphorus normally enter ecosystems?
rock weathering
Which of the following is primarily responsible for limiting the number of trophic levels in most ecosystems?
Energy transfer between tropic levels is in almost all cases less than 20% efficient.
Which of the following are the only extant animals that descended directly from dinosaurs?
birds
in the development of terrestrial biomes, which factor is most dependent on all the others?
the species of colonizing animals
Which of the following causes an increase in the intensity of UV radiation reaching the Earth?
depletion of atmospheric ozone
Dwarf mistletoes are flowering plants that grow on certain forest trees. They obtain nutrients and water from the vascular tissues of the trees. The trees derive no known benefits from the dwarf mistletoes. Which of the following best describes the interactions between dwarf mistletoes and trees?
parasitism
In which of the following taxa does the mature sporophyte depend completely on the gametophyte for nutrition?
bryophytes
Which of the following are true concerning flowering plants?
the flower includes sporophyte tissue
what is true of charyophytes?
they are the closest living algal relatives of land plants
lichens are symbiotic associations of fungi and a. cyanobacteria b. mosses c.green algae d. three of these responses are correct e. two of these responses are correct
two of these responses are correct
In a tide pool, 15 species of invertebrates were reduced to eight after one species was removed. The species removed was likely a(n)
keystone species.
Which of the following is true of seedless vascular plants?
whole forest were dominated by large, seedless vascular plants during the Carboniferous period
which of the following was not a challenge for survival of the first land plants?
absorbing enough light and animal predation
The main reason polar regions are cooler than the equator is that?
sunlight strikes the poles at a lower angle
population ecologists are primarily interested in
understanding how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density , distribution, size and age structure of populations
which of these characteristics added most to vertebrate success in relatively dry environments?
bony sclaes, and the shelled amniotic eggs
What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?
the seed coat should contain secondary compounds that irritate the lining of the animals mouth and the seed coat should be resistant to the animals digestive enzymes
Community ecologists would consider which of the following to be significant in understanding the structure of an ecological community?
which particular species are present, determining how many species are present overall, the kinds of interactions that occur among organisms of different species and the relative abundance of species
why do populations grow more slowly as they approach their carrying capacity?
density dependent factors lead to fewer births and increased mortality
Which of the following best describes resource partitioning?
Slight variations in niche allow similar species to coexist.
As N approaches K for a certain population, which of the following is predicted by the logistic equation?
the growth rate will approach zero
the vegetative (nutritionally active) bodies of most fungi are?
composed of hyphae, usually underground, and referred to as mycelium
A new species of aquatic chordate is discovered that closely resembles and ancient form. It has the following characteristics: external armor of bony plates, no paired lateral fins, and a suspension-feeding mode of nutrition. In addition to these, it will probably have which of the following characteristics?
no jaws
What is the most important role of photosynthetic organisms in an ecosystem?
converting inorganic compounds into organic compounds
As you study two closely related predatory insect species, the two-spot and the three-spot avenger beetles, you notice that each species seeks prey at dawn in areas without the other species. However, where their ranges overlap the two-spot avenger beetle hunts at night and the three-spot hunts in the morning. When you bring them into the laboratory, their offspring behave in the same manner. You have discovered an example of
character displacement
Chordate pharyngeal slits appear to have functioned first as
suspension feeding devices
According to the competitive exclusion principle, two species cannot continue to occupy the same
niche.
The swim bladder of ray-finned fishes?
provides for regulation of buoyancy
Plasmogamy can directly result in which of the following? 1. cells with a single haploid nucleus 2. heterokaryotic cells 3. dikaryotic cells 4. cells with two diploid nuclei
2 or 3
While sampling marine plankton in a lab, a student encounters large numbers of fertilized eggs. The students rears some of the eggs in the laboratory for further study and finds that the blastopore becomes the mouth. The student observes that the adult organisms grew continuously and did not molt. These eggs belonged to a ?
mollusc
What do fungi and arthropods have in common?
the protective coats of both groups are made of chitin
Which of the following examples best describes an ecological community?
The interactions of all the plant and animal species inhabiting a 2 hectare forest.
Deserts typically occur in a band at about 30 degrees north and south latitude because
descending air masses tend to be cool and dry
Subtraction of which of the following will convert gross primary productivity into net primary productivity?
the energy used by autotrophs in respiration
Evidence shows that some grasses benefit from being grazed. Which of the following terms would best describe this plant-herbivore interaction?
mutualism
Carrying capacity is?
the maximum population size that a particular environment can support
Two barnacles, Balanus and Chthamalus, can both survive on the lower rocks just above the low-tide line on the Scottish coast, but only Balanus actually does so, with Chthamalus adopting a higher zone. Which of the following best accounts for this niche separation?
competitive exclusion
The sum total of an organism's interaction with the biotic and abiotic resources of its environment is called its
ecological niche.
A certain species of pine tree survives only in scattered locations at elevations above 2800 m in the western United States. To understand why this tree grows only in these specific places, an ecologist should?
investigate the various biotic and abiotic factors taht are unique to altitude
How are matter and energy used in ecosystems?
Matter is cycled through ecosystems; energy is not.
what should be true of the fossils of the earliest tetrapods?
they should indicate limited adaptation to the life on land
Which of the following is (are) unique to animals?
nervous conduction and muscular movement
Section 4
(16 cards)