Section 1
Preview this deck
Mosquito borne diseases
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
7 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (65)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Mosquito borne diseases
Diseases include zika virus, WNV, chikungunya, dengue and malaria Employers should protect workers, and workers should protect themselves • The risk to workers varies based on location within the US • Type of habitat at the work site • Season • Time of day Workers who spend time outdoors are at risk; and laboratory and clinical workers who handle infected fluids and tissues may also be at risk. Transmission can occur through a break in their skin or a needle stick. • Mosquitos breed in standing water - employers should decrease mosquito pops by • Removing, turning over covering or storing equipment • Removing debris from ditches • Filing in ruts and other areas that collect standing water • Removing tires, buckets, bottles, and barrels that collect water Placing drain holes in containers that collect water and cannot be discarded
antineoplastic drugs
Healthcare workers who prepare or administer hazards drugs (e.g. cancer tx, antiviral dx, bioengineered drugs, hormone agents). ~8 million workers in the US are potentially exposed to this drug. Can cause acute or chronic health issues e.g. skin rashes, infertility, congenital malformations, cancers. Can protect themselves through engineering/admin controls and PPE.
poisonous plants
Ingestion or contact (poison ivy, poison oak, and poison sumac) as routes of exposure. Outdoor workers may be exposed to poisonous plants. Firefighters may be at additional risk of lung irritation of inhalation of burning plants.
carbonless copy paper
Can cause mild to moderate skin irritation, and irritation of the mucosal membranes of eyes and upper resp tract. Good industrial hygiene practices should be adequate to reduce or eliminate symptoms including adequate ventilation, humidity, temp control, housekeeping, minimal hand-to-mouth and hand-to eye contact
green tobacco sickness
A type of nicotine poisoning that occurs while handling tobacco plants. Workers are at high risk when clothes become saturated from tobacco that is wet from rain, dew or sweat. • Symptoms = GI, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headaches, difficulty eating sleeping, potentially deadly • Normally lasts less than 24 hrs Gloves, long sleeves/pants and water resistant clothing help prevent exposure
asthma
When airways become narrowed and inflamed - symptoms include wheezing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, coughing • Asthma can be trigger by an exposure at work. >300 known and suspected substances at the workplace can cause or worsen asthma • Divided into work-exacerbated asthma (was existing already but gets worse at work), and occupational asthma • Some triggers can include: animal dander, insects, chlorine based cleaning products, cigarette smoke, cockroach droppings, cold air, dust from wood, grain, flour, green coffee beans, dust mites, gases such as ozone, indoor dampness and mold, irritant chemicals, metal dust, physical exertion, pollen and plants, strong fumes, vapors from chemicals, wood smoke • Occupational categories: animal health, cleaning services, cosmetology, farming and food production, healthcare, industrial manufacturing or construction, laboratory, office/education How to stop or prevent? Elimination > substitution > engineering controls > administrative controls > PPE
Coccidiomycosis (Valley fever)
• An infectious disease found in the Southwest. It is caused by inhaling arthroconidia, closely related to Cocciodioidies immitis and C. posadasii. • Workers who dig in soils may be at increased risk: ag workers, archeologists, construction workers, geologists, military, wildland firefighters, workers in mining, gas, extraction jobs 60% have minimal or no symptoms, while 40% can have a range of symptoms: tiredness, fever, cough, headaches, rash, muscle pain, joint pain
indoor environmental quality
Includes factors such as lighting, air quality, and damp conditions. Indoor environments are highly complex and building occupants may be exposed to a variety of contaminants (irritants, gases and particles), from machines, cleaning products, construction activities, carpets, furniture, cigarette smoke, water damage, microbial growth, outdoor pollutants. • Dampness/mold in building (internal or external water sourec0 • Chemicals and odors - volatile organic compounds (VOCs) = organic (containing carbon) chemicals that can easily evaporate into the air • Construction and renovation o Particulates, biological materials, VOCs, • Building ventilation - improper operation/maintenance of HVAC Health hazard evaluations (HHEs) - investigations by NIOSH of workplaces are conducted under the authority of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 and Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977
Veterinary Safety and Health
• In the United States there are more than 460,000 veterinary medical workers including 169,000 non-farm animal caretakers, 167,000 veterinary technicians, and 73,000 veterinarians • Diverse positions and work settings • Hazard safety and infection control o Provides helpful links such as o NASPHV Model Infection Control Plan for Veterinary Practices o Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University - Infection Control • Physical safety o Animal handling and restraint hazards o Most bite, scratch, kick, and crush injuries from animals can be prevented by using appropriate restraint and following established procedures. o Bite and scratch wounds should receive immediate medical evaluation and care due to risks of infection and rabies exposure. o Ergonomic and musculoskeletal hazards o Eye hazards o Heat stress o Ionizing radiation - usually during radiography - restraint of animals, inadequate protection, poor or old equipment o Laser hazards o Motor vehicle hazards o Needlestick, scalpel and other sharps hazards o Noise o Respiratory hazards - inorganic dust, chloramine compounds used for disinfection at poultry plants • Chemical safety o Ammonia o Carbon monoxide o Cleaning chemicals o Disinfectants o Hazardous drugs - eg. Antineoplastic drugs, hormones, injectable macrolide abx (micotil) can cause illness of death in people exposed, chloramphenicol banned for use in large animals due to risk in humans of aplastic anemia o Hydrogen sulfide - from manure pits o Laboratories o Latex o Micotil300 (see above) o Pesticides o Phosphine gas - exposure when treating animals that have ingested rodenticide w zinc phosphide and insecticide containing aluminum phosphide o Waste anesthesia gas o Waste disposal • Biological - Possible routes of transmission include aerosol, droplet spray, ingestion (oral), direct contact, indirect contact (e.g., fomite), or vector-borne. Sources of exposure include animals, body fluids, contaminated tools, surfaces, or other objects in the environment. o Website provides links to other USG factsheets on zoonoses - USDA, CDC, etc. • Other Hazards o disaster and emergency preparedness and response o reproductive hazards o stress in the workplace workplace violence
Healthcare workers
Healthcare is the fastest-growing sector of the U.S. economy, employing over 18 million workers. Women represent nearly 80% of the healthcare work force. Healthcare workers face a wide range of hazards on the job, including • sharps injuries, • harmful exposures to chemicals and hazardous drugs, • back injuries, • latex allergy, • violence, and • stress.
EMS worker
Emergency medical services (EMS) workers provide pre-hospital emergency medical care. EMS workers have high rates of fatal injuries and nonfatal injuries and illnesses. Hazards include: Lifting patients and equipment; Treating patients with infectious illnesses; Handling hazardous chemical and body substances. Participating in the emergency transport of patients in ground and air vehicles
insects and scorpions
Can be hazards to outdoor workers - can range from discomfort to lethal reaction. Thousands or people stung each year, and as many as 90-100 people in US die each year due to reactions to these bites/stings (may be under reported as heart attacks or strokes): bees, wasps, hornets, scorpions, fire ants
flavorings
Occupational exposure to flavorings can cause severe obstructive lunch disease (obliterative bronchiolitis) • Was first identified as an occupational hazard when this was found as a cluster in workers at a microwave popcorn plant and flavoring plant in Missouri 2000 • Signs = cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, gradual and progressive but severe symptoms can occur suddenly, can decrease or block air movement through airways • Diacetyl is a prominent chemical ingredient in butter flavorings This and other chemicals are likely responsible for obliterative bronchiolitis - aka popcorn lung
Anthrax
Spore forming Bacillus anthracis, can cause inhalation, cutaneous, and GI anthrax. Inhalation anthrax has high fatality rate. Person-to-person transmission is rare. • Emergency response workers including law enforcement, public health, healthcare workers are at risk to anthrax as a biological weapon • Workers who are exposed to animals or animal products including farmers, vets, diagnostic lab workers, people who work w animal products (carcass, wool, hide, fur) • GI anthrax can be acquired by eating infected animals or ingesting aerosolized spores • Considered a class A biologic weapon, regulated Division of Select Agents and Toxins (DSAT) at CDC Office PH and Preparedness In 2001 anthrax spores were intentionally distributed to by US Postal. It caused 22 cases of anthrax: 11 were inhalation, 5 of these were fatal
cold stress
Cold related illnesses • Hypothermia - abnormally low body temp • Frostbite - caused by freezing - can permanently damage body tissues • Trenchfoot - aka immersion foot - prolonged exposure to wet and cold conditions, can occur at temps as high as 60F if feet are constantly wet. Wet feet loose heat 25x faster than dry feet. • Chilbains - caused by repeated exposure of skin to temps above freezing (to as high as 60F) Cold water immersion Immersion hypothermia - occurs faster than normal hypothermia.
Nanotechnology
• Nanomaterials are defined as those things that have a length scale between 1 and 100 nanometers. • Studies have indicated that low solubility nanoparticles are more toxic than larger particles on a mass for mass basis. • There are strong indications that particle surface area and surface chemistry are responsible for observed responses in cell cultures and animals. Studies suggests that some nanoparticles can move from the respiratory system to other organs. • More research is needed
UV sun exposure
Three types of rays, UVA, UVB, and UVC. • UVA = most abundant solar radiation - penetrates beyond top layer of skin - can inc risk of cancer • UVB - penetrate less deeply, but can contribute to cancer • UVC - does not pose a risk to workers bc they are absorbed by earth's atmosphere Many drugs increase sensitivity to sunlight and the risk of getting sunburn. Some common ones include thiazides, diuretics, tetracycline, doxycycline, sulfa antibiotics, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen • Sun burn - chronic exposure to eyes can lead to pterygium (which can cause blindness), cataracts, macular degeneration as well Skin cancer = basal cell, squamous cell, melanoma
exposome and exposiomics
Mapping human genome has fostered idea of "exposome" - the measure of all exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how they relate to health. Exposiomics is the study of exposome and relies on the application of internal and external exposure assessment methods. • Internal exposure relies on = genomics, metabonomics, lipidomics, transcriptomics, proteomics • External exposure relies on measuring environmental stressors The extent to these links is debated - key factor in describing exposome is ability to accurately measure exposures and effect of exposures.
MRSA
Staphyloccocus aureus = staph can be a common bacteria in the nose and skin of healthy people. Sometimes can cause an infection. It is one of the most common causes of skin infection in the US. They are usually minor and txed with abx. Can cause serious infections of skin, soft tissue wounds, bloodstream, and pneumonia. • MRSA = methicillin resistant staph and is often resistant to other abx as well. 33% of people are colonized with staph, only 1% of people are colonized w MRSA. • Workers who are in frequent contact with MRSA in humans and animals are at risk of infection including healthcare workers, correctional facilities, daycare facilities, livestock facilities, veterinary clinics Most frequently transmitted from skin to skin contact; 5 Cs associated with transmission • Crowding • Frequent skin to skin Contact • Compromised skin (ie. Cuts or abrasions) • Contaminated items or surfaces • Lack of cleanliness Having MRSA should not exclude one from going to work - however, if you have wound drainage (pus) that cannot be properly covered by a clean, dry bandage, then you should not go to work w MRSA
Pneumoconioses
A group of interstitial lung diseases that are caused by inhalation of certain dusts and the lung's reaction to the dust. It is primarily caused by workplace dust exposure (and rarely if ever environmental dust exposure). The primary pneumoconiosis are: • Asbestosis • Silicosis • Coal worker's pneumoconiosis (aka CWP or black lung) Other types of pneumoconiosis are from inhaling aluminum, antimony, barium, graphite, iron, kaolin, mica, talc and other dusts. Byssinosis is caused by exposure to cotton dust.
Flu in the workplace
Seasonal flu causes illness in millions of people each year, hundreds of thousands are hospitalized, and thousands or tens of thousands of people die from flu-related causes each year. • From 2012: 140K-710K hospitalized and 12K-56K flu related deaths To help reduce flu in the workplace NIOSH encourages • Promote influenza vx among workers o standard-dose flu vax is a trivalent vaccine with 3 strains. The vx is manufactured using virus grown in eggs. Different shots are approved for different age groups. Other types of vx include: high dose trivalent for elderly; recombinant trivalent that is egg-free; and trivalent with adjuvant to help create greater immune response. There are also quatravelent vaccines available. o Everyone >6 mo of age are recommended to get vaccine for flu; recommended for pregnant women to protect mom and baby in first months o Vx is recommended for October in North America • Encourage proper hand and resp hygiene practices o Cover your cough; wash your hands often w soap and warm water, avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth; stay home when you're sick • Educate workers on flu signs and symptoms Inform workers on what they should do if they get sick
cancer (occupational)
12.7 million people are diagnosed with cancer each year around the world and this number is expected to increase. • First leading cause of death in developed countries • Second leading cause of death in developing countries • 3-6% of all cancers worldwide are caused by exposures to carcinogens in the workplace • In the U.S. using 2012 data this means that between 45,872-91,745 people get occupational related cancer • A cancer cluster can sometimes indicate a workplace exposure Lists known carcinogens (this list is long ... but there is an app pocket guide https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/mobilepocketguide.html )
heat stress
Can result in heat stroke, heat exhaustion, rhabdomyolysis, heat syncope, heat cramps, or heat rashes. May also increase risk of injuries d/t sweaty palms, fogged safety glasses and dizziness. • People most at risk work outdoors or in hot environments such as firefighters, bakery workers, farmers, construction workers, miners, boiler room workers, factor workers etc. • At high risk including >65yo, overweight, heart disease, or high BP, or meds that may be affected by heat
H1N1
• H1N1 caused a pandemic in 2009-2010 • It is now considered to be a seasonal strain of flu it originated from swine
Poultry Workers
Many poultry processing jobs involve factors that increase the risk of developing work-related injuries or illness. • risks for musculoskeletal disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome, and include repetition, force, awkward and static postures. o NIOSH Finds Alarming 42 % Rate of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) at South Carolina Poultry Processing Plant • Exposures to disinfectant chemicals or chemical byproducts have been known to cause respiratory irritation and asthma. • Spices, flour, and coatings have been linked to bronchitis, cough, and allergic reactions. • Cold temperatures have been associated with increased injuries as well as musculoskeletal disorders. • Infectious agents, such as bacteria, have caused increased rates of diarrheal diseases and other skin infections.
climate change
Variations in temp, precipitation, wind and other weather have the potential to affect human health - indoor and outdoor workers may be at risk: examples include emergency responders, healthcare workers, fire fighters, utility workers, farmers, manufacturing workers, transport workers. • Exposure to head and hot environments • Air pollution - acute and chronic effects such as heart dz, resp dz, and allergic disorders • Extreme weather - workers involved in rescue and cleanup • Biological hazards - distribution of vectors, pathogens and allergens Indoor climate - high temps increase need for climate-controlled buildings "tight buildings" = increased radon
emerging infectious diseases
• Healthcare workers are particularly at risk: doctors, nurses and first responders • Examples of EIDs include: Ebola, MERS, Chikungunya, Avian influenza, etc
tobacco in workplace
Second hand smoke varies by industry and occupation. Despite inc of e-cigarettes (ENDS electronic nicotine delivery system) little known about long term health effects
Aerosols
Definition if a suspension of tiny particles or droplets in the air, such as dusts, mists, or fumes. May be inhaled or absorbed by the skin, can sometimes have adverse health effects for workers. • Particles that reach the head or tracheobronchial airways face the mucociliary transport system (with low doses of aerosols, this transport can be accelerated, but with high doses it can slow down) • Insoluble particles that reach the alveolar region may be engulfed by macrophages but can take months to years to clear them. Fibrogenic dusts such as silica, asbestos, and coal dust interfere w this mechanism and results in fibrosis • Soluble particles that reach the alveolar region can pass through alveolar membrane and be transported elsewhere • Impaction by large particles affects bronchial region • Settling is a problem for when large particles settle into the distal airways • Diffusion/Brownian motion is a problem for small particles in small airways Interception can obstruct gas exchange, can be problematic for one-dimensional long fibers
Lyme disease
• Common tick born disease. In 2010 >22.5K confirmed cases of lyme disease • Transmitted by black-legged tick (aka deer tick) • Worksites that have woods, bushes, high grass, or leaf litter are more likely to have ticks • Workers should be careful to protect themselves in the late summer and spring when young ticks are most active • Occupations include: construction, landscaping, forestry, brush cleaning, land surveying, farming, railroad work, oil field work, utility line work, park or wildlife mgmt. Symptoms = erythema migrans, fever, joint & muscle pains, headache, chills, fatigue, lymphadenopathy
cardiovascular dz and occupational hazards
CVD include coronary heart disease, stroke, arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy and valve problems. CVD is the leading cause of death in the US and worldwide. NIOSH studies on specific occupations and CVD: • Fire fighter fatality investigation • Study of NFL players (higher among defensive linemen) • Truck driver study - 69% were found to be obese, 51% smoked, and 88% had chronic dz risk factors for CVD Police in Buffalo - Cardiometabolic occupational study
latex allergy
Latex gloves help to prevent transmission of infectious diseases, but some workers are allergic to latex. Estimated that 8-12% of healthcare workers have a latex allergy
Occupational Health Psychology
Many psychologists have argued that the psychology field needs to take a more active role in research and practice to prevent occupational stress, illness, and injury. This is what the new field of Occupational Health Psychology (OHP) is all about. • OHP concerns the application of psychology to improving the quality of work life, and to protecting and promoting the safety, health and well-being of workers. • The notion of health protection in this definition refers to intervention in the work environment to reduce worker exposures to workplace hazards, while health promotion refers to individual-level interventions to equip workers with knowledge and resources to improve their health and thereby resist hazards in the work environment. • NOT FROM NIOSH but relevant for Veterinary Preventative Medicine • AVMA initiated a pilot program to train individuals to identify and assist those who might be considering suicide. • Training for veterinarians Called QPR - an acronym that stands for "Question, Persuade, Refer" - gatekeeper training teaches people without professional mental health backgrounds to: o Recognize the signs that someone may be considering suicide o Establish a dialogue with the person o Guide the person to seek professional help • It is likened to CPR but for suicide prevention • AVMA also created a website on wellness: https://www.avma.org/ProfessionalDevelopment/Personal/PeerAndWellness/Pages/default.aspx
venomous spiders
Black widows and brown recluse - usually not aggressive but most bites occur when spider is trapped or unintentionally contacted
avian influenza
Avian flu is an Influenza A virus - usually do not infect humans - but sporatic cases have been reported. Viruses can be transmitted to unprotected workers who have contact with infected wild birds, poultry, or contaminated materials or surfaces. • Domestic poultry can be infected w high path AI or low path AI • HPAI kill nearly an entire flock within 48hrs • LPAI may not cause symptoms or only mild symptoms such as ruffled feathers, drop in egg production • Both LPAI and HPAI can cause mild to severe symptoms in humans • They may change into a form that can be transmitted from human to human Workers at risk include poultry farmers, disease control and eradication workers, live-bird market workers, wildlife biologists who handle birds, animal welfare and rescue workers, and animal control workers
Dentistry
For human dentistry - the major concern is control of nitrous oxide in dental operations
venomous snakes
In the US species include: rattlesnakes, copperheads, coppermouths/water moccasins, and coral snakes. Although rare, some workers can have a severe allergy to snakes causing death. It is estimated that 7000-8000 venomous snake bites in the US/year with ~5 deaths
Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing (AgFF)
The industries of ____, ____, and ____ together, form one of the most hazardous industrial sectors, with the highest fatal occupational injury rate at 25.6 deaths per 100,000 full-time workers, compared to a rate of 3.4 deaths per 100,000 workers for all industries.
decompression sickness
Underwater construction and tunnel operations use compressed air to stabilize soil and keep out water - can cause workers to have decompression sickness (DCS). = aka the bends = occurs when pressure is realesed from the body following exposure to increased pressure. DCS is more common in divers, but can also occur in workers exposed to compressed air. Moving too quickly from an area of high to low pressure can produce Nitrogen bubbles in the body. - prevent by slow decompression.
blood borne diseases
Exposure to blood and body fluids can occur for a number of occupations including: healthcare workers, emergency response personnel • Pathogens of concern include HIV, hep B virus and hep C virus • Preventing needle sticks and sharps injuries: o Be prepared - anticipate injury risks, prepare the patient and organize the work area with the prevention in mind o Be Aware - keep exposed sharps in view and under your control. Visually inspect for unprotected sharps in trays, beds, and waste receptacles o Dispose with care - be responsible for the sharps you use. Activate safety features. Dispose in sharps containers. • There are ~385,000 needle sticks and sharps injuries each year
Horse racing
• In 2000, the licensed jockey population was estimated by the Jockey's Guild to be approximately 2,700 • Between 1993 and 1996, an injury rate of 606 per 1,000 jockey years during official races • In a 1987 article, it was reported that more than 100 jockeys have been killed in work-related incidents since 1950 [ Numerous studies in the published scientific literature conclude that the low body weight requirement for jockeys increases the risk of acquiring eating disorders and adopting unhealthy behaviors in order to control weight.
Abrasive sandblasting
Dust created by sandblasting is great health risk: 1) Dust can pose a risk to the lungs. 2) When used on lead-based pained on steel infrastructure of bridges it can pose a risk to the nervous system. 3) can pose a safety risk
asphalt fumes
Asphalt fume exposures during the application of hot asphalt to roofs
ergonomics and m/s disorders
• The goal of ergonomics is to reduce stress and eliminate injuries and disorders associated with the overuse of soft tissues e.g. muscles or tendons, awkward posture, or repeated tasks. • This is accomplished by designing tasks, work spaces, controls, displays, tools, lighting and equipment to fit the employees physical capabilities and limitations. NIOSH has conducted several studies on low back and upper extremity
Outdoor workers
_____ are exposed to three types of threats: • Physical hazards o Extreme cold o Extreme heat o Sun exposure o noise • Biological hazards o Poisonous plants o Venomous spiders o Venomous snakes o Insects and scorpions • Vetctor borne diseases o Mosquito-borne-diseases Tick-borne diseases
bikes and repro health
Prolonged bicycling in police bicycle units, may exert excessive pressure on the urogenital area of cyclists, restricting blood flow to genitals resulting in adverse sexual function. Seats wo protruding noses can help reduce pressure
silica
Workers are exposed to respirable crystalline silica in a variety of industries. Silicosis is an irreversible but prevental disease - most closely associated w occupational exposure to silica dust. Can also cause lung cancer, pulmonary TB, and airway dz. Can also be associated w autoimmune disorders, chronic renal dz and other health effects
Commercial Fishing Safety
Commercial fishing is one of the most hazardous occupations in the United States with a fatality rate 29 times higher than the national average. the greatest dangers to fishermen are vessel disasters, falls overboard, and machinery on deck.
Work shifts and long hours
According to 2004 data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics, almost 15 million Americans work full time on evening shift, night shift, rotating shifts, or other employer arranged irregular schedules. According to U.S. National Health Interview data from 2010, almost 19% of working adults work 48 hour or more per week and over 7% worked 60 hours or more. Both shift work and long work hours have been associated with health and safety risks.
womens work issues
Sexist treatment and gender discrimination in the workplace can affect a woman's physical and mental health. Sexual harassment can lead to • anxiety • depression • lower self-esteem • alienation • insomnia • nausea • headaches
Section 2
(15 cards)