Section 1
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Given that most ligands form covalent bonds with their associated receptors, these complexes are more or less permanent and can only be broken through the hydrolysis of ATP. False/True
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Given that most ligands form covalent bonds with their associated receptors, these complexes are more or less permanent and can only be broken through the hydrolysis of ATP. False/True
false
One example of a cellular response to a signal is the triggering of cell division. If a mutation occurred in the gene for the signal receptor in this pathway that caused the receptor to reject binding of the signal, what response can be predicted? Choice A., The cell does not divide. Choice B., The cell divides repeatedly without the signal. Choice C., The signal is not produced.
Choice A., The cell does not divide.
Animation: Cell Signaling
5/5
What does a ligand-gated channel do? A. It triggers the activity of a phosphatase. B. It activates a G protein. C. It binds small, nonpolar signaling molecules. D. It allows ions to move across the plasma membrane.
D. It allows ions to move across the plasma membrane.
Which is the CORRECT order for these steps in cell signaling? A. receptor activation, response, signal transduction B. response, signal transduction, termination C. signal transduction, receptor activation, response D. receptor activation, signal transduction, response
D. receptor activation, signal transduction, response
A researcher is using a small molecule as an inhibitor to manipulate a signaling pathway. This inhibitor prevents phosphorylation and MOST likely targets a: A. phosphatase. B. ligand-gated ion channel. C. G protein-coupled receptor. D. receptor kinase. E. G protein.
D. receptor kinase.
Pre-class review questions 20.1 -
7/7
In many signaling pathways, once a signaling molecule binds to a receptor, the receptor becomes phosphorylated. This initial phosphorylation step BEST demonstrates: A. receptor activation. B. cellular response. C. termination. D. either cellular response or signal transduction. E. signal transduction.
A. receptor activation.
Review the experiments by Kohler and Lipton described in Figure 9.5. What is the key difference between blood serum and blood plasma that affects their ability to help fibroblasts grow in culture? A. Serum contains more platelet cells than plasma, and platelet cells promote cell growth. B. Molecules found in plasma inhibit cell growth; these molecules are not found in serum. C. Plasma contains more platelet cells than serum, and platelet cells inhibit cell growth. D. Molecules found in serum promote cell growth; these molecules are not found in plasma.
D. Molecules found in serum promote cell growth; these molecules are not found in plasma.
Signaling pathways have been conserved in a wide range of organisms. True/False
True
Signaling molecules involved in paracrine and autocrine signaling: A. travel by diffusion. B. remain attached to the plasma membrane. C. travel in the circulatory system.
A. travel by diffusion.
Which one of the following is NOT a cell surface-type receptor? A. steroid receptor B. ligand-gated receptor C. G protein-coupled receptor D. receptor kinase
A. steroid receptor
Signal transduction is the process by which: A. a specific combination of transcription factors determines the developmental pathway in a cell or group of cells. B. None of the answer options is correct. C. a single master gene, or signal, activates a series of downstream genes that lead to cell differentiation. D. transcription factors bind to cis-regulatory regions of DNA and either activate or repress transcription. E. an extracellular molecule activates a membrane protein, which in turn activates molecules inside the cell. -
E. an extracellular molecule activates a membrane protein, which in turn activates molecules inside the cell.
The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on: A. nothing. All hormones of the body are able to stimulate all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecific. B. the membrane potential of the cells of the target organ. C. the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path. D. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.
D. the presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ.
Growth factors, such as platelet-derived growth factor, function in _____ signaling. A. autocrine B. endocrine C. contact-dependent D. paracrine
D. paracrine
A constitutively active receptor will do what in the presence of its ligand? A. remain activated B. be down-regulated C. turn off D. be inhibited -
A. remain activated
Cells differentiate through: A. timing. B. the cell cycle. C. growth. D. gene regulation. -
D. gene regulation.
Which signaling system involves the LONGEST time interval between release of a signaling molecule and activation of a receptor? A. autocrine B.contact-dependent C. paracrine D. endocrine
D. endocrine
Why are some mutations of Ras associated with cancer? A. Ras activates the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway. B. Ras binds to growth factor receptors. C. Ras is a type of second messenger. D. Ras alters ion flow across the cell membrane.
Ras activates the MAP kinase signal transduction pathway.
What is the end result of activating the MAP kinase pathway? A. ion flow B. phosphorylation of multiple cytosolic proteins C. a change in gene expression D. synthesis of second messenger molecules
C. a change in gene expression
Which of the following types of cellular activities can be a response to cell signaling? A. Cell division is triggered. B. Cell signals are released to communicate with other cells. C. Enzyme activities are changed. D. Gene expression patterns are changed. E. All of these choices are correct.
E. All of these choices are correct.
In the context of cell signaling, to what does the term ligand refer? A A. the extracellular domain of a receptor protein B. a signaling molecule C. a type of gated channel D. the proteins activated as part of a signal transduction pathway
B. a signaling molecule
Pre-class review questions 9.5
5/5
A cell can only respond to signals from other cells, not from the physical environment. True/False
False
Pre-class review questions 9.2
7/7
Signal transduction results in: A. termination of the signal. B. a change in the conformation of the receptor protein. C. production of more signal molecules. D. a response by the cel.
D. a response by the cell
How does an "activated" receptor transfer information into the cell? A. by decreased phosphorylation of the receptor B. by altering the ligand-binding site of the receptor C. by increased translation of the receptor D. through a conformational change of the receptor
D. through a conformational change of the receptor
The muscle cells and nerve cells in a mouse look very different and serve very different functions in the mouse's body. These differences are because the muscle cells and nerve cells in the mouse: A. copy different genes. B. use different genetic codes. C. have different ribosomes. D. have different chromosomes. E. express different genes. F. have different genes. -
E. express different genes.
Notch and Delta are both transmembrane proteins involved in cell communication in the developing nervous system of vertebrate animals. What makes Notch different from Delta? A. Notch is a receptor, and Delta is a signaling molecule. B. Notch is required at higher density than Delta to alter cell fate. C. All of these choices are correct. D. Notch is a signaling molecule, and Delta is a receptor.
A. Notch is a receptor, and Delta is a signaling molecule.
A receptor that is inside the cell would require a __________BLANK signal molecule that can ____________________BLANK the plasma membrane. Choice A., polar; pass through Choice B., polar; bind to Choice C., nonpolar; pass through Choice D., nonpolar; bind to
Choice C., nonpolar; pass through
Each answer option below lists terms that classify cell types according to their developmental potential. Which of the options lists the terms from those capable of differentiating into the greatest number of different specialized cells to those capable of differentiating into the least number of different specialized cells? A. multipotent, pluripotent, totipotent B. totipotent, multipotent, pluripotent C. multipotent, totipotent, pluripotent D. pluripotent, totipotent, multipotent E. totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent -
E. totipotent, pluripotent, multipotent
Signal molecules that are _______BLANK usually have their corresponding receptor ______________BLANK of the cell. Choice A., nonpolar; on the surface Choice B., polar; in the cytoplasm Choice C., polar; on the surface
Choice C., polar; on the surface
If two signaling pathways are activated simultaneously: A. All of these choices are correct. B. one may inhibit the other. C. they may inhibit each other. D. they may strengthen each other.
A. All of these choices are correct.
Pre-class review questions 20.5 -
7/7
Which type of cell-surface receptor undergoes changes in phosphorylation in response to binding of its ligand? A. ligand-gated ion channel B. G protein-coupled receptor C. receptor kinase D. both the G protein-coupled receptor and the receptor kinase
C. receptor kinase
The fertilized egg is totipotent, which means: A. it can give rise to a complete organism. B. it forms the membranes that surround and support the developing embryo. C. it can be removed and donated to a surrogate womb. D. it only contains genetic material from the female. E. the Y chromosome does not create interference to the expression of X-linked genes. -
A. it can give rise to a complete organism.
The presence of excess EGF receptors can result in: A. normal cell division. B. diminished cell division. C. excessive cell division.
C. excessive cell division.
A _________BLANK expresses a gene or genes that direct production of the signaling molecule, and the _______________BLANK expresses a gene or genes that direct production of the _________________BLANK. Choice A., signaling cell; responding cell; receptor protein Choice B., responding cell; signaling cell; receptor protein Choice C., signaling molecule; responding cell; signaling cell Choice D., responding cell; receptor protein; signal protein
Choice A., signaling cell; responding cell; receptor protein
Cellular differentiation progressively restricts cell fate because the unexpressed genes in the cell: A. accumulate point mutations. B. become more densely packed with nucleosomes. C. accumulate both point mutations and deletions. D. accumulate deletions. E. undergo irreversible repression. -
E. undergo irreversible repression.
Mammalian steroid hormones are signaling molecules that function in which of the following types of cell signaling? A. endocrine B. paracrine C. autocrine D. All of these choices are correct.
A. endocrine
Which of the following CORRECTLY matches a cell or group of cells with its ability to differentiate into different specialized cells? A. endoderm: multipotent B. mesoderm: pluripotent C. fertilized egg: pluripotent D. fertilized egg: multipotent E. ectoderm: totipotent -
A. endoderm: multipotent
Consider Figure 20.25. Imagine that there is a mutation in the gene for the Notch receptor in the progenitor cell. How does mutation affect vulva development? A. The progenitor cell will remain a type 1 cell. B. The progenitor cell will become a type 2 cell. C. The type 2 cell will differentiate into a type 1 cell. D. The EGF receptor cannot bind its ligand. -
A. The progenitor cell will remain a type 1 cell.
Pre-class review questions 9.3
9/9
The FIRST step following PDGF binding of the receptor is: A. dimerization. B. phosphorylation. C. activation of MAP kinase. D. activation of gene expression.
A. dimerization.
When cells communicate by the signaling process, one cell produces a _________________BLANK that must be received by the ___________BLANK on or in the responding cell. A. signaling particle; signal enzyme B. signaling molecule; signal receptor C. hydrophilic signal; hydrophilic receptor D. cell division signal; plasma membrane E. nonpolar signal; nonpolar receptor
B. signaling molecule; signal receptor
Which of the following CORRECTLY lists the types of cellular communication from shortest to longest distance traveled by the signaling molecule to reach its responding cell? A. autocrine, paracrine, endocrine B. endocrine, paracrine, autocrine C. autocrine, endocrine, paracrine D. paracrine, autocrine, endocrine
A. autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
As cells become differentiated, they delete the DNA for genes they no longer need. T/F -
false
A researcher has discovered a new ligand that can pass through the cell membrane and bind to a receptor in the nucleus. Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding this ligand? A. This ligand is likely a steroid. B. This ligand is likely nonpolar. C. This ligand likely has a similar structure to cholesterol. D. This ligand likely plays a role in transcription. E. This ligand likely binds to a transmembrane receptor.
E. This ligand likely binds to a transmembrane receptor.
Which type of protein adds a phosphate group to another molecule? A. phosphatase B. kinase C. G protein D. phosphorylase
B. kinase
Pre-class review questions 9.1
7/7
Section 2
(50 cards)
The strength of collagen comes from its: triple helical structure and bundling. amino acid sequence. triple helical structure and bundling, as well as its amino acid sequence. ability to bind to polysaccharide molecules.
triple helical structure and bundling.
Dynamic instability is a: A. feature of microtubules and microfilaments. B. universal feature of the cytoskeleton. C. feature of microfilaments. D. feature of microtubules. E. feature of intermediate filaments.
D. feature of microtubules.
Microfilaments are composed of ____________BLANK in ____________BLANK arrangement. Choice A., polymers of actin protein; a hollow tube-like Choice B., repeating actin subunits; a thin double-helix Choice C., polymers of tubulin; a double-helix Choice D., alpha and beta dimer subunits; a double-helix
Choice B., repeating actin subunits; a thin double-helix
Cell movement can be facilitated by microfilaments in what way? Choice A., by gliding past each other using energy from ATP Choice B., by bending according to transmembrane signals Choice C., by dynamic growing and shrinking at the ends
Choice C., by dynamic growing and shrinking at the ends
The extracellular matrix is a network of: A. proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell that play a role in structural support. B. channel proteins found in the cellular membrane that allow for communication. C. proteins and polysaccharides inside the cell that keep organelles in place. D. proteins found in the cellular membrane that allow for substances to enter the cell. -
A. proteins and polysaccharides outside the cell that play a role in structural support.
Which of the following is the diffusible extracellular element in the process of vulval cell differentiation? A. the Notch receptor B. the EGF receptor C. the Notch ligand D. the EGF ligand -
D. the EGF ligand
In the image of a microtubule shown above, the plus and minus ends are labeled. If the motor protein shown is dynein, what can you say about the direction in which the vesicle is being carried? Choice A., It can go in either direction on microtubules. Choice B., It is going to the right (toward the plus end). Choice C., It is going to the left (toward the minus end). Choice D., The direction cannot be determined from the data provided.
Choice C., It is going to the left (toward the minus end).
Imagine that you are examining a mouse that does not produce basal lamina in the skin. How will this mouse be different from a normal, wild-type mouse? A. Cellular junctions will fail to form between the cells of the epidermis. B. The epidermis and dermis will be strongly connected. C. The epidermis will not be connected to the dermis. D. The dermis will be disorganized and will lack blood vessels. E. All of these choices are correct. -
C. The epidermis will not be connected to the dermis.
The ability of microtubules to undergo rapid ___________BLANK and slower ____________BLANK is associated with the ability of the ______________BLANK to explore the cell and locate chromosomes. Choice A., polymerization; depolymerization; microtubules Choice B., depolymerization; polymerization; spindle apparatus Choice C., synthesis; hydrolysis; cytoskeleton elements Choice D., synthesis; hydrolysis; microtubules
Choice B., depolymerization; polymerization; spindle apparatus
Which lettered item in the figure above represents a tubulin dimer? Choice A., oval a Choice B., oval b Choice C., oval c Choice D., oval d Choice E., oval e
Choice E., oval e
In skin, the cells of the epidermis connect to the basal lamina through cellular junctions known as hemidesmosomes. Select the cytoskeletal element that helps maintain the integrity of this connection. microfilaments both intermediate filaments and microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules
intermediate filaments
Contraction of muscles is an example of how the motor protein _______BLANK interacts with the cytoskeletal elements called _____________BLANK to produce movement. Choice A., actin; dynein Choice B., myosin; dynein Choice C., myosin; actin filaments Choice D., dynein; microtubules Choice E., kinesin; microtubules
Choice C., myosin; actin filaments
The plus ends of both microtubules and microfilaments differentiate from the minus ends: Choice A., in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added rather than removed. Choice B., in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added more quickly. Choice C., in that the end that always grows in the direction the cell is moving.
Choice B., in that new tubulin or actin subunits are added more quickly.
The property of dynamic instability implies that the individual protein subunits of microtubules are held together by: A. covalent bonds. B. noncovalent interactions. C. disulfide bonds. D. All of these choices are correct
B. noncovalent interactions.
Intermediate filaments: A. All of these choices are correct. B. undergo little change in length in comparison to microtubules and microfilaments. C. play an important role in maintaining cell shape. D. play an important role in preventing skin from tearing by shear stress. E. have a diameter that is larger than a microfilament, but smaller than a microtubules
A. All of these choices are correct.
Cadherins bind to which type of cytoskeletal element(s)? both intermediate filaments and microfilaments microfilaments microtubules intermediate filaments
both intermediate filaments and microfilaments
Animation: Actin filaments
5/5
The basis for movement of cilia and flagella is the interaction of the motor protein __________BLANK with the cytoskeletal elements called ____________BLANK. Choice A., dynein; actin filaments Choice B., tubulin; dynein Choice C., myosin; actin filaments Choice D., dynein; microtubules Choice E., kinesin; microtubules
Choice D., dynein; microtubules
Microtubules form from dimers of _____BLANK and ______BLANK subunits that polymerize into a ____________BLANK. Choice A., +tubulin; −tubulin; double helix Choice B., beta-tubulin; gamma-tubulin; beta sheet Choice C., alpha-tubulin; beta-tubulin; hollow tube Choice D., an amino acid; phosphate; double helix
Choice C., alpha-tubulin; beta-tubulin; hollow tube
Which ligand acts as a signal resulting in gene U being inactive and V being active? A. ligand K B. ligand L C. ligand H D. ligand M E. None of the other answer options is correct. -
A. ligand K
Microtubules can grow by addition of tubulin dimers to _______________BLANK, and they can shorten by removal of dimers from ______________BLANK. Choice A., the plus end; the minus end Choice B., the minus end; the plus end Choice C., both plus and minus ends; the minus end Choice D., both plus and minus ends; both plus and minus ends Choice E., the plus end; both plus and minus ends
Choice D., both plus and minus ends; both plus and minus ends
Which lettered item in the figure above is similar to the payload on a transport vehicle? Choice A., oval a Choice B., oval b Choice C., oval c Choice D., oval d Choice E., oval e
Choice B., oval b
Myosin is a motor protein that associates with: A. intermediate filaments. B. microfilaments. C. vimentin. D. microtubules.
B. microfilaments.
Which one of the following statements about intracellular transport is TRUE? A. Kinesin and dynein move substances along microfilaments. B. Kinesin and myosin move substances along microtubules. C. Kinesin and dynein move substances along microtubules. D. Kinesin moves substances along microfilaments.
C. Kinesin and dynein move substances along microtubules.
Cadherins are: (Select all that apply.) proteins involved in attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix. proteins that provide a pathway for molecules to move between cells. proteins involved in attachment of cells to neighboring cells. cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions.
proteins involved in attachment of cells to neighboring cells. cell adhesion molecules found in cell junctions.
Could an isolated melanin granule move along an actin microfilament? A. None of the other answer options is correct. B. Yes, motor proteins all use ATP to cause a conformation change. C. Yes, melanin granules have motor proteins. D. No, motor proteins are specific for the type of filament they bind.
D. No, motor proteins are specific for the type of filament they bind.
Microtubules are __________BLANK because they __________BLANK and depolymerize at their ends. Choice A., unstable; hydrolyze Choice B., stable; polymerize Choice C., dynamic; polymerize Choice D., dynamic; hydrolyze
Choice C., dynamic; polymerize
Pre-class review questions 10.1 -
6/6
A pathologist is carrying out an autopsy. Upon opening the chest cavity, the pathologist sees a thick, fibrous tissue surrounding the heart. This is likely: A. neural tissue. B. muscle tissue. C. connective tissue. D. epithelial tissue. -
C. connective tissue.
Which of the following best describes a role that microfilaments play in the structure and function of red blood cells? Choice A., They anchor and orient the O2-bearing hemoglobin protein molecules. Choice B., They provide a track for directing O2 to the proper cellular locations. Choice C., They maintain the biconcave shape to maximize gas exchange.
Choice C., They maintain the biconcave shape to maximize gas exchange.
Pre-class review questions 10.3
6/6
Animation: Microtubules
5/5
If the vesicle being carried in the figure above (in an animal cell) contains content that is to be excreted from the cell at the plasma membrane, it is probably being transported toward the __________BLANK by the motor protein ____________BLANK. Choice A., left; dynein Choice B., left; kinesin Choice C., right; dynein Choice D., right; kinesin
Choice D., right; kinesin
How do cells connect to the extracellular matrix? through integrins through cadherins through gap junctions through tight junctions
through integrins
Signal transduction in development is often amplified by: A. sequential phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm. B. opening and closing of nuclear pores. C. histone modification in chromosomes. D. methylation of the target cell's DNA. -
A. sequential phosphorylation of proteins in the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments help a cell ____________________BLANK Choice A., strengthen the plasma membrane. Choice B., maintain its size and shape. Choice C., separate chromosomes during anaphase of mitosis.
Choice B., maintain its size and shape.
An epithelial tissue is defined as a: A. network of cells that use chemical communication. B. collection of contractile cells. C. collection of cells that lines cavities or outside surfaces. D. few cells embedded into an extensive extracellular matrix. -
C. collection of cells that lines cavities or outside surfaces.
Some cell junctions allow materials to pass between adjacent cells so that they work together as a unit T/F
true
Pre-class review questions 10.2
8/8
Structures known as microvilli are associated with: A. adhesion to the extracellular matrix. B. increased surface area for nutrient absorption. C. communication between cells. D. increased surface area for gas exchange. -
B. increased surface area for nutrient absorption.
Which of the following cell junctions is involved in creating a barrier between cells? adherens junction tight junction desmosome
tight junction
Animation: Motor protein
7/7
Motor proteins cause movement by: (1) undergoing a conformational change, (2) harnessing energy from ATP, and (3) binding to the cytoskeleton. A. Statements (1), (2), and (3) are correct. B. Statements (1) and (2) are correct. C. Statements (1) and (3) are correct. D. Statements (2) and (3) are correct.
A. Statements (1), (2), and (3) are correct.
Pre-class review questions 10.4
6/6
Gap junctions and plasmodesmata have what feature in common? They both allow direct transport of materials between cells. They both are made up of protein subunits located in the plasma membrane. They are both found in plant cells. They both attach to the cytoskeleton.
They both allow direct transport of materials between cells.
Which lettered item in the figure above is the motor protein? Choice A., oval a Choice B., oval b Choice C., oval c Choice D., oval d Choice E., oval e
Choice C., oval c
Which of the following would be more likely to cause development of a microvillus on an intestinal epithelial cell? Choice A., plus (+) end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus and shrinkage at the minus (−) end Choice B., plus (+) end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus but no shrinkage at the minus (−) end Choice C., minus end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus and shrinkage at the plus (+) end
Choice B., plus (+) end growth of microfilaments at the tip of the microvillus but no shrinkage at the minus (−) end
What is the BEST characterization of the minus end of a dynamic filament? A. It is slow growing, and also loses its subunits quickly. B. It loses subunits quickly. C. It is fast growing. D. It is slow growing.
D. It is slow growing.
Which ligand acts as a signal resulting in gene U being active and V inactive? A. ligand H B. ligand K C. None of the other answer options is correct. D. ligand M E. ligand L -
A. ligand H
The basal lamina is: A. a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found only in the skin. B. an area found wherever two different types of tissues meet. C. a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues. D. an area found beneath all connective tissues that helps them adhere to underlying muscle. -
C. a specialized form of the extracellular matrix found beneath all epithelial tissues.
Section 3
(15 cards)