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Lecture 13: Ergot and Coffee Rust

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Coffee Rust Epidemic

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (42)

Section 1

(42 cards)

Coffee Rust Epidemic

Front

• With no protectant fungicides available, the spores landed on leaves, germinated, and colonized the host. • Nearly all of the trees were defoliated. - In Ceylon, the closely planted trees and large acreage of coffee made it easy for the pathogen to move from one plant to another. • The pathogen devastated the coffee plantations • Yields dropped from 100 million pounds in 1870 to 5 million pounds in 1889 • In <20 years, many plantations had been destroyed

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Louis Tulasne

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(1853) work out the life cycle for the Ergot of Rye. **need to know how to draw

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Ergot and Ergotism - Types

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- Poisoning attributed to Ergot is referred to as ergotism. - There are two types of ergotism found in cases where serious poisoning has occurred: convulsive ergotism gangrenous ergotism - Ergotamine, ergocristine, and ergometrine are the most potent poisons. - Have significant vasoconstrictive and neurotoxic activity. - Includes derivatives of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

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Natural ecosystems progressively evolve (change)

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- this change is generally very gradual because of the stability and diversity of the ecosystem. - concept of succession

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Ergotism and witchcraft

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- large amount of which trials in an area of France and Central Europe where rye was staple grain - southwest Germany years that witch trials occurs the wheat prices were high so people bought rye - trials more common in years when spring and summer were cooler and wetter, better environment for disease - salem witch trials girls showed symptoms of convulsive ergotism

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Coffee Rust: Host

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- Coffea arabica: tropical perennial crop - Usually grown in rows either shaded or in non- shaded areas - Has tiny red berries that are harvested and fruit is separated from the bean - Beans are cleaned, and dried, then roasted to make a dark caffeinated beverage - Removed after 5 years of growth and replaced with new plants - A lot of production in Central America - Coffee beans were imported into Europe for centuries from tropical colonies that they ruled. - coffee plantation grows in rows not in the shade..

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Conidium (pl. conidia)

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haploid asexual spore that serves as primary or secondary inoculum and may be a survival spore

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Ergot and Ergotism - outbreaks

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- First major documented outbreak of gangrenous ergotism was in the Rhine Valley in 857 A.D. It was at this time that the symptoms of ergot was given the name Holy Fire (made peoples body feel on fire due to vasoconstriction, and believed it was punishment from god). - In France and Germany from about 900-1300 AD, there were severe epidemics of ergotism over large areas every five to ten years. Why France?: 1) rye was a staple crop of the poor, and 2) favorable climate for the disease to develop - In 944, in southern France, 10-20,000 people are thought to have died of ergotism. Around 945, about 40,000 people died in the same area.

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The Rise of Coffee

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- 1st coffee house in 1500 in Arabia, Egypt, and Turkey - Popular drink in Europe in the 1600s, coffee houses were major social centers in England - The Dutch were the first major European importers of coffee and they moved the plants to tropical regions that they controlled including Java, Sumatra, and Ceylon. - During Napoleon's time, Ceylon was lost by the Dutch to the British and they started to develop the land in Ceylon in 1825 - The British brought over Indian workers to augment the workforce and by 1870, Ceylon had become the world's largest producer of coffee (but now only produces tea..)

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Ecosystem

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- a system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their environment - independent system via the interdependence of the organisms preset

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Features of Intensification

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1) enlargement of production area: fields, nurseries, turf 2) aggregation of production areas (fields) 3) increased density of hosts within a production area 4) increased uniformity of crop (genetic uniformity) 5) Specialized inputs - monoculture, irrigation, fertilization, pesticides ALL these Features IMPACT the SPATIAL COMPONENT of EPIDEMICS

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Historical Events In Which Ergotism Was Involved

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- Peter the Great was stopped at the mouth of the Volga River in 1722 in his quest for a warm-water port at Constantinople (Istanbul) by an ergot outbreak that poisoned both his soldiers and their horses. - A major epidemic of Bubonic Plague between 1348- 1350 killed a 1/3 of Europes population. historians believe the consumption of grains infected with mycotoxins compromised the immune system and increased the likelihood of death from the Bubonic Plague and may also have had a role in slowing population recovery

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Dr. Thuillier Hypothesis

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French physician (1670) 1) Ergotism was not common in urban areas (mainly affected poor) 2) It did not seem to be contagious 3) children and feeble people were more susceptible than others 4) the rich did not seem to contract the disease 5) It must have something to do with the victim's environment, he thought diet was the key to the disease. • A loaf of rye bread was always present - ergots had been used by alchemists in their potions to hasten child birth and cure headaches in the 1500s.

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Management - An integrated Approach (Ergot)

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• Crop rotation - sclerotia are very short lived • Deep plowing to bury sclerotia • Destroy weed hosts that are source of initial inoculum • Host resistance • Seed treatments • Fungicides • Mechanical cleaning of seed (certified seed)

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Convulsive ergotism

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(St. Vitus's Dance) - Nervous dysfunction - Trembling and shaking - Wryneck - Muscle spasms - Confusion - Delusions and Hallucinations (she's a witch!)

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Ascospore

Front

sexual spore of Ascomycota - haploid spore that is initial inoculum

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Types of agricultural systems

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1) shifting cultivation - moved as soil became unproductive - often due to buildup of pathogens in soil 2) fallow system - 'stable villages' (still practiced as subsistence agriculture in many parts of the world) 3) legume rotation - build soils through N fixation (towns) 4) field-grass husbandry - combine grazing and cropland 5) intensified farming - new land cleared (productivity through increased energy inputs)

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Agroecosystems are characterized by

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-Plants not separated in space OR time -Uniform host genetics -Microbial environment greatly simplified and reduced -Environment favorable for disease development -Induce genetic changes in pathogen to match host genetics -Cultural practices favor disease development: monoculture, high plant population, tillage practices, irrigation, high rates of synthetic NPK -Conditions favor vector activity: survival, spread

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Coffee Rust- A Plea for Help!

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• The government responded by sending out H. Marshall Ward • Started by studying the life cycle of the pathogen, and found that the spores represented a vulnerable stage for attack • To protect the plants, Ward recommended using a fungicide spray as a protective coating on the leaves • Also warned about the dangers of monoculture - replaced coffee crop with tea in ceylon

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Ergonovine

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is used to control postpartum hemorrhage and cause contraction of the uterus.

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Ergot of rye

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- endemic pathogen - agroecosystem - no knowledge of disease - ignorance and death - fear of the unknown

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Basidiomycota

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The urediniospores are asexual spores that are resistant to desiccation, and can travel great distances without degrading and serve as initial and secondary inoculum

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St. Anthony's Fire

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• In 1039, an outbreak in France led to the erecting of the first hospital built to care for the victims of ergotism, by Gaston de la Valloire. • It was dedicated to St. Anthony, and through this gesture Holy Fire came to be called St. Anthony's Fire. - 370 hospitals. Each hospital was painted red to inform the illiterate that aide was available to help alleviate their pain. Many found relief, but over 40% died. - people would once again get infected when returned home

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agro-ecosystem

Front

- Most agriculture exists as this type - independent system only if you consider human inputs - relatively static, with little or no evolution - Many of the stabilizing mechanisms are eliminated by human activities such as tillage, harvest, nutrient cycling - Characterized by: uniform, pioneer vegetation with very little diversity that leads to an inherent instability - Stability in agro-ecosystems is 'bought' with energy inputs: Fertilizers, pesticides, and labor

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Escaping Coffee Rust

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• Production was moved to the Western Hemisphere • It had been grown in the Caribbean since the 1700s, but soon it spread to Brazil, Colombia, and Central America • Quarantines were successful in keeping out rust for more than 100 years in this area until 1970 when it was discovered in Brazil, possibly from hurricanes • The pathogen was able to spread to Colombia and other countries in Central America within a decade

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Gangrenous ergotism

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- Vasoconstrictive alkaloids - Lose parts of extremities, such as toes, fingers, ear lobes or in more serious cases, arms and legs may be lost.

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Coffee rust

Front

- endemic/moved with host - natural and agro-ecosystem environment - spatial component of epidemic changed

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Ascomycota

Front

largest phylum of fungal kingdom

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Natural ecosystems are characterized by

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- Host plants mostly separated by space and time (age) - Genetically mixed (diverse) population of plants - Complex microbial environment epidemics still occur

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Consequences of Pathogen Introduction (coffee rust)

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• Frequent fungicide applications on highly susceptible varieties, which are the ones that produce the best coffee • Trees are grown at lower densities • Many growers have returned to growing their trees in the forest understory • Coffee prices have increased because of increased production inputs - everywhere but Hawaii

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Examples of epidemics in natural and agro-ecosystems

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- ergot of rye - coffee rust

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Ergot and Rye

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• The occurrence of Claviceps purpurea is far more common on rye than in other grains. • Rye: the "Poor man's bread. Poisoning was not a major problem unless the consumption of rye increased in people's diets. When did this happen?

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Ascocarp or ascoma

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structure in which asci are produced (five major types)

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Agro-ecosystems and Sustainability

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- WHAT TYPES OF ENERGY INPUTS ARE REQUIRED? Fertilizers, pesticides, and labor (toil, exertion, work) - WHY DO WE DO THIS? Increase productivity and decrease cost per unit of yield Accomplished by decreasing primary consumers that are in direct competition with us for desired product (this creates new problems, with new pests and pathogens that become new primary consumers)

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Host Resistance - coffee rust

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- Resistant varieties are available for C. arabica and other species, but they are lower quality plants, takes a long time to breed trees - pathogen adapts rapidly to form new races that nullify effects of host resistance: over 40 races of the pathogen have been reported

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Coffee Rust: Some Lessons Learned

Front

• Dense plantings, with large acreages of the same host in a small area favor epidemics • Some pathogen spores can travel long distances before finding a host, which makes quarantines of low effectiveness to prevent pathogen spread for this type of pathogen • Plant disease can have significant sociological impacts (Tea time instead of coffee time) • Some older production methods are a valuable part of an integrated approach to management

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Ergotamine

Front

which is prescribed for various causes of headaches, including migraines.

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Ergot Pathogen and Disease

Front

- HOST: Mainly a problem of Rye - Pathogen: Claviceps purpurea (Phylum Ascomycota) - Produces a survival structure known as an ergot or a sclerotium, replaces host tissue with fungus tissue

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Coffee Rust: Pathogen

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- Hemileia vastatrix, belongs to the phylum Basidiomycota. - Thought to be native to Ethiopia, where coffee is native (co-evolved with coffee). - The pathogen reached Ceylon in 1875, where 400,000 acres of coffee trees were planted - A tiny rust pustule on a single leaf can produce up to 150,000 spores (urediniospores)

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Ascus (pl. asci)

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sac in which ascospores are produced

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Concept of succession

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organisms continually modify their environment such that other organisms 'take over', ultimately leading to a climax community.

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**need to know in general

Front

Six Key factors that drive epidemics chart (located in files in class folder)

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