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Biology I - Nervous System

memorize.ai (lvl 286)

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What is the purpose of the axon? What would happen if a gene for myelin, the fatty sheath covering the axon, was incorrectly down-regulated?

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (25)

Section 1

(25 cards)

What is the purpose of the axon? What would happen if a gene for myelin, the fatty sheath covering the axon, was incorrectly down-regulated?

Front

The axon transmits action potentials, electrical impulses, down the axon This would result in loss of myelin, which would lead to a slower action potential, accidental discharge of nearby neurons, or no signal at all.

Back

The CNS immune response of a patient has been compromised. What two types of cells were affected, most likely?

Front

The astrocytes (nourish cells) and microglia (phagocytic cells)

Back

This subdivision of the ANS activates bile secretion, bladder contraction, bronchi constriction, exocrine secretion, and increases peristalsis. What is it?

Front

The parasympathetic nervous system

Back

Glial cells support and myelinate neurons. What is the function of ependymal cells?

Front

These cells line the ventricles of the brain and produce CSF

Back

What are the two subdivisions of the ANS?

Front

The sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system

Back

Glial cells support and myelinate neurons. What is the role of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

Front

These produce myelin in the CNS and PNS, respectively.

Back

This subdivision of the ANS redistributes blood to areas of locomotion, increases blood glucose concentration, relaxes the bronchi, and dilates the eyes to maximize light intake. What is it?

Front

The sympathetic nervous system

Back

A man steps on a nail while another man is hit in the patellar tendon. Which one was involved in a polysynaptic reflex arc? Which a monosynaptic reflex arc?

Front

Withdrawal reflex - polysynaptic: there is at least one interneuron between the sensory and motor neurons Knee jerk reflex - monosynaptic: there is a singly synapse between the motor and sensory neurons

Back

Afferent neurons transmit information about pain, temperature, and vibration and have cell bodies located WHERE in the spinal cord? Where are the cell bodies for the efferent neurons transmitting musculoskeletal and gland information found?

Front

The dorsal root ganglion (afferent) The ventral root (efferent)

Back

In the peripheral nervous system, what are groups of neurons called? What are the three types of neurons? In the CNS, what are groups of neurons called?

Front

Nerves, and there are sensory, motor, and mixed Tracts, and these only carry ONE type of information

Back

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system? What is unique about it?

Front

It controls heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and glandular secretions. It is unique because it functions unconsciously

Back

Glial cells support and myelinate neurons. What is the role of the microglia?

Front

Phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

Back

The human nervous system can be broadly divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). What is the CNS composed of?

Front

The brain (white matter and gray matter) and the spinal cord

Back

What is a synapse? What does this imply about neurons being connected?

Front

A synapse is the combination of the nerve ending of a neuron, synaptic cleft (space between neurons), and postsynaptic membrane. This implies that neurons are NOT connected! The role of NTs is to pass signals through this space!

Back

Inhibition of the somatic nervous system would result in what?

Front

It controls sensory and motors neurons controlling skin, joint, and muscle function, so these vital areas could not function.

Back

Where is the axon hillock in a neuron? What is its purpose?

Front

The axon hillock is located between the cell body and the axon. Its purpose is to integrate incoming excitatory and inhibitory signals in order to generate/not generate an action potential.

Back

An efferent neurons in the PNS goes directly from spinal cord to muscle without synapsing. Is the ANS different from this? How so?

Front

Yes, there are two nerve components instead of one! The first neuron, the preganglionic neuron (actually in CNS) transmits information to the postganglionic neuron (now in PNS - ANS)

Back

What is the PNS primary composed of? What are the two subdivisions of the PNS?

Front

It is composed of nerve tissue and fibers outside the brain including spinal and cranial nerves The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back

What is the positive function of a reflex arc?

Front

This allows interneurons in the spinal cord to send efferent signals directly to muscles rather than wait for the brain to respond. This may be important when time is crucial.

Back

In general, there are three different kinds of neurons in the body: afferent (sensory), efferent (motor), and interneurons. Differentiate between these three.

Front

Afferent (sensory) transmit sensory information to the spinal cord and brain Efferent (motor) transmit motor information from the spinal cord and brain to glands and muscles Interneurons are located in the brain and spinal cord and are the most abundant.

Back

What is the name of the appendages off of a neuron that receive incoming messages from other cells?

Front

Dendrites

Back

The spinal cord extends downward from the brainstem and can be divided into four different parts. What are these four parts?

Front

The cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, and sacral spine

Back

Glial cells support and myelinate neurons. What is the function of astrocytes?

Front

These cells nourish neurons and form the blood-brain barrier

Back

Where is the nuclei of a neuron located?

Front

The cell body, also called the soma.

Back

What would occur if a number of Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system and oligodendrocytes in the CNS were destroyed?

Front

These cells synthesize myelin, so de-myelination of neurons would occur.

Back