Section 1
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19th amendment
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Cards (83)
Section 1
(50 cards)
19th amendment
This amendment was written in 1920, which it granted women the right to vote. The passing of this amendment had the most significant expansion in democracy. It gave 50% of the population the right to vote and empowering that population.
Porfirio Diaz
Was a mexican general who became a dictator of mexico. He ruled by an iron fist that helped him have control of the country for about three decades. The country was poor meanwhile he kept getting rich so tensions began to happen. There had been many attempts to revolt him but none of the revolts had succeeded. After he was thrown out of office, he was later exiled in Paris without being able to return to Mexico ever again.
Florence Kelley
Was children right activist during the late 19th century. She was very passionate in defending working women and children. She started the National Consumers League which was a private advocacy group that represented consumers in the marketplace and workplace issues. The League mostly fought for child labor and more. Her movement inspired the state of Illinois to establish the Illinois Factory act in 1893. The act stated that women could work for 8 hours a day and children under the age of 14 could not work. The supreme court strikes down the law because they sided with business. This caused the citizens to call this an illegal interference from the government.
Keating-Owen Act (child labor)
It was a law passed by congress and signed by President Woodrow Wilson in 1916. This law was established to end child labor. The law wanted to get children out of the factories and mines due to the harsh working conditions. The law prohibited factories to have children under the age of 14 to be hired and also prohibited mines to hire children under the age of 16. The laws was passed but later shut down by the supreme court. The law was seen as unconstitutional in the Hammer v. Dagenhart court case in 1918.
Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party)
A third party set by President Roosevelt when he is running for reelection in 1912. Roosevelt was running for the republican party but did not become the republican nominee, Taft became the nominee. The party reflected on Roosevelt's idea to the New Nationalist. The party is to was known for having the strong characteristics as President Roosevelt. President Roosevelt did not win reelection but his third party is the most votes any third party has ever received.
Interventions in Haiti, Nicaragua
Was Wilson's idea in helping other countries in america establish democracy. In 1914 to 1915, Haiti citizens became tired of their president and broke out into a bloody war against their government. Wilson intervene to try and help the country of Haiti. The troops helped protect the citizens of Haiti but ended up staying for 19 years after the revolt against the government of Haiti. During this time Nicaragua also needed help to stabilize their economy. A revolution in nicaragua broke out in 1912. The United States sent 2500 troops to Nicaragua to try and help but they ended up staying for 13 years instead. Wilson leaving troops in other countries was his way of establishing democracy
New Nationalist
Is an idea that the government should restrict a the bad trust. This program was written by President Roosevelt. This idea would have a regulation of working conditions. It would offer 8 hour work day, an end to child labor and giving worker rights or compensation. Lohner vs. New York, was one of the cases that president roosevelt see it as an act to the people will and he starts to believe that the people have the right to vote for who they want. A more strict form way of direct democracy which scares many people.
Anthracite Coal Strike
A coal strike in 1902 by the United Mine Workers of America in the anthracite coal mines in Pennsylvania. The miners go on strike because of the harsh working conditions in the mines. The workers wanted higher wages, shorter working days and for the company to recognize their Union. The strike caused the country to go on a coal storage which was not good since winter was approaching. For the first time in American history, President Roosevelt decided to take a non-militant approach in solving the coal strike issue. He invited both parties to the white house to listen to their sides in what the owner and workers wanted. He was able to get an agreement from both sides by being able to have 10% increase wages but the company did not recognize the union of workers.
Woodrow Wilson
He was the 28th president of the United States, which he won the 1912 election. He ran for the democratic party which was the opposite of Roosevelt. He was a serious, studies mean, born into a wealthy family and was fascinated by politics. In 1902, he was elected president of Princeton University. He modernized Princeton in making it a great university. This was the first time where we see his leadership skill be shown. He begins supporting democratic parties and then wins governor of New Jersey as a progressive.
Preservationist (John Muir) vs. Conservationists (Gifford Pinchot)
These group of people wanted to help preserve the environments, they had different beliefs on how to do it but their main goal was to take care of the environment. The preservationist was led by John Muir, where they believed that the land should not be touch. The conservationists was led by Gifford Pinchot, they believed that the land can be used by humans in conservatives ways.
Square Deal
Roosevelt's idea on how to control monopolies. The deal is made up of 3 Cs, which are control corporations, consumer protection and conservation. Roosevelt was the first conservative president because he wanted to protect the environment. This caused a division among the environmentalist, which many were preservatives or conservative. He was able to established 5 national parks, 18 national statues, 150 forest and much more.
Dominican Crisis
A crisis in the Dominican Republic where the United States would become in charge of their economy. This was the first time the Monroe Doctrine would be applied to a country. The United States would pay of their debt to other European countries and in return they will manage their economy until they're able to pay them back. The Dominican Republic was able to pay back their debt to the United States because their economy was managed right. A disadvantage was that after the U.S left Dominican Republic economy went down and it was worse than before. This made many Latin American countries feel distrust towards the United States.
Triangle Shirtwaist fire
Was a fire that occurred in a factory in New York in 1911. This event is known as the most deadliest industrial disaster in history. It caused many factory workers to lose their lives. The factory contained mostly immigrant workers and women. The Fire department and the police officers could not do anything to help the workers. The doors of the factories were locked due to the management locking the doors to prevent workers from going to the restroom. This event caused an outrage towards corporations because they did not care about the workers safety. The people wanted the government to establish laws towards the safety of working conditions. They had 3 big campaigns of what they wanted to be established. The first campaign was to end child labor, the second campaign was to have maximum working hours and the 3rd campaign was to set a minimum wage workers. Mostly women were fighting for this to be established.
Lochner v. New York (1905)
A court case in 1905, that stated that bakers could only work 10 hours a day because flour caused lung problems. Lohner, owner of a bakery, sued the state of New York because she wanted his workers to work more hours during the day. The court decided that it was unconstitutional for workers to work more than what they wanted and that they should be able to decide how long they wanted to work. The court case standed for a long time until the 1930s.
Moral Diplomacy
A system in which support is given only to countries whose moral beliefs are analogous of that nation. This was presented by Woodrow Wilson in 1913 because he rejected dollar diplomacy and gunboat diplomacy. He saw it as imperialism and would not help the United States. This was his believe in democracy because it would stability, prosperity and peace. He believed that he should spread democracy across the world.
American Exceptionalism
The idea that the United States is unique with its ideas of democracy and personal liberty. Wilson wanted to make all the countries like the United States and that this would give peace to the United States. He saw america as being an example to the rest of the world. The reality of foreign policy did not look any different than what Roosevelt and Taft had established. The United States kept sending troops to other countries. He intervened more than other presidents had done in the past.
Results of the Election of 1912
The democratic power wins the election of 1912. President Wilson becomes the 28th president in office. He received around 6.3 million votes, while Roosevelt received 4 million votes. This has been the largest votes that any 3rd party had gotten in history. Taft only received three and half million votes. This is because the republican party was split on their votes. Many wanted to show that loyalty towards Taft. While others, had voted for Roosevelt's party. Eugene Debs only received 1 million votes.
Theodore Roosevelt
He is the 26th president of the United States. He became president in 1901 to 1909 which he was part of the Republican party at the time. He was born into a wealthy family who descended from europeans in New York. He read a lot of books, he was smart but was sick a lot since he had health defects. He transformed himself during his teen years into what he believed was manliness by exercising. He believed that politics should be aggressive. He liked to be the center of attention which helped him attract the media or also known as the "bully pulpit". He was very successful in the New York Assembly but had to step down from politics when his wife and mother passed away. He then started associating with the progressive movement because he wanted to make cities run more efficiently. He served in the Spanish-American War which made him into an american hero. He was elected governor of New York and then was arranged to become Vice-President of President McKinley. He became president after the assassination of McKinley.
United Fruit Company
Was an american fruit company in central america. The company had many plantations. The united states did not know about bananas until 1870s. The banana workers started going against the company because of the harsh working conditions. The United States later sends military troops to try and protect the fruit company. They wanted to keep the plantations stable and take out anyone who was disrupting that. .
Robert LaFallete
Was a governor from Wisconsin in 1905 who served in the House of Representatives and the Senate. He is also known as "fighting bob". He wants to institute a lot of direct democracy. He does this by establishing a direct primary were people would vote for who their candidate would be. This system would help break the economic way and make the government more responsive to the people.
Northern Securities Trust Case
Was a court case against J.P Morgan's railroad company. He owned a railroad company that contained other smaller railroads put together under one company. Roosevelt saw that this company violated the Sherman Antitrust act and started to do something about it. He takes J.P Morgan to the Supreme Court to try and dismantle his company. In 1904, the Supreme Court favors President Roosevelt and the company was dismantle. This was the first case where Roosevelt showed that he was not going to take a hands-off approach like everyone else believed.
Monroe Doctrine
This document was written in 1823 by the United States, saying that they opposed European Colonialism in the Western Hemisphere. This was a way of showing that the United States would not accept or have any European countries be apart of Western Affairs. They believed that what happens in the Americas is concern only to the countries in the Americans. The United States wanted European colonies/territories to become independent so they can get rid of the European powers.
Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act
-This laws were passed in 1906 to help and establish hygienic rules in the meat factories. These laws were created after Upton Sinclair wrote the book the Jungle which detailed the working conditions of the workers would cause them to lose fingers and get diseases. -The Meat Inspection act was put in place to make sanitary standards for meat. -The Pure Food and Drug Act was established so everyone would know what where the ingredients of the food they were consuming. This law required for every packaging to have a nutrition label.
18th Amendment
This amendment was written in 1916. The amendment stated that the manufacture and sale of alcohol is prohibited in the United States. This amendment is the only amendment to be ratified from the Constitution because it was a huge failure among the citizens. It was ratified in 1919. This amendment was brought by the Women's Christian Temperance Union, who wanted alcohol to be abolish to "keep their children safe."
Ida Tarbell
She was a an investigative journalist, muckraker, during the progressive era. She was criticizing John D. Rockefeller's standard oil's monopoly because she believed that he came to the top by not playing fair. John D. Rockefeller owned 90% of the United States standard oil company including her dad's oil company. She brought a anti-monopoly that made Teddy Roosevelt create a committee. John D. Rockefeller's company was brought down on 1911 by the supreme court.
17th Amendment
This amendment was passed in 1913, which stated that the United States Senate would be composed of two senators of each state. Each senator would serve in the senate for 6 years and would only have one vote. This helped established the popular election of the United States Senators.
Raid on Columbus, New Mexico
Pancho Villa led mexicans to Columbus, New Mexico to kill 18 Americans. This event happened because Pancho was really upset for what wilson had done in Veracruz.
Mexican Revolution
Began in 1910, it was a complicated war because power kept changing among leaders. Even though the revolution kept changing leader all of them had a goal that Porfirio Diaz had to go. In 1911, they were able to throw out Porfirio from office. Francisco Madero took office and he wanted to be able to distribute all of the land among the citizens. After he passed away, General Victoriano Huerta took office and he wanted to rule mexico with a "mado dura". This caused many mexicans to begin to immigrate to the United States. Venustiano Carranza was a mexican politician and one of the main leaders of the mexican revolution. He was supported by President Wilson and he even tried to build a relationship with him.
Pershing Expedition (Punitive Expedition)
It was an expedition sent by President Wilson to make Pancho Villa pay for what he did. He killed 18 Americans in american soil, which caused an outrage in the American people. President Wilson sent a general and his 10,000 troops to go and find Pancho Villa. This expedition was made to make him pay for what he did to american citizens. The expedition took 6 months and were not able to find Pancho Villa anywhere. This was seen as an embarrassment to the United States because they did not bring justice to what happened. This became a symbol of resistance towards the U.S.
Russo-Japanese War
A war between Russia and Japan in 1914. This war was happening over imperial ambitions in Manchuria and Korea. Roosevelt saw what was happening in Europe that it wanted to help both countries settle a peace. He approached both nation about mediating peace between them and they eventually agreed to signing the peace treaty. Roosevelt was seen as the great peacemaker because he was able to settle peace between to countries just like he had settled peace with the anthracite coal strike. He ended up winning the nobel peace prize later on for what he did with the war.
Women's Christian Temperance Union
Was union devoted by women to promote temperance. The program was a women's holy war. Women wanted to improve their life at home. They believed that alcohol destroyed many of their relationship.They saw themselves as moral guardians of the homes. The wanted to pursue the states to ban alcohol. One of their main events was that they would pray at Saloons. They wanted to make the owner feel guilty enough that they would stop selling alcohol. There praying sometimes worked because the owner would feel guilty and shut down their saloon. Sometimes they would change occupations.
William Howard Taft
He is the 27th president of the United States, who won in the 1908 election. He was the secretary of war for President Roosevelt, who leaves him in charge of the United States after he decided not to run for president again. He is seen as the "heaviest" president and its made fun of by many people. Roosevelt believed that he was a progressive but he was seen disappointed when he he found out that he was a conservative. He backed away from pursuing monopolies and sticking to the existing laws. This president took a Laissez Faire, hand off, type of approach when running the United States. He wanted to leave the big company alone which he did not really care for the workers as Roosevelt did. He was an ineffective president because he did not establish or do anything for the country.
Direct Democracy (popular democracy)
A system were people would decide on policy and initiatives directly. The citizens of the country would vote for representatives to make the decisions for them. . This type of system is established in Switzerland.
Venezuela Crisis
Was a crisis that happened in the country of Venezuela. This event occurred do to the debt that Venezuela had with Great Britain and Germany. The european powers wanted to intimidate Venezuela so they can take over the country since they owed them money. This crisis was one of the times where the United States would use the Monroe Doctrine in action. Roosevelt was determined to keep the European countries out of the Americans. So Roosevelt added more to the monroe doctrine in 1904 to state that the United States would take care of the Americas.
Federal Trade Commission
Was an act established by President Wilson in 1914. The purpose of this law was to outlawed unfair methods of competition and outlaws unfair acts or practices that affect that commerce. This act helps promote consumer protection, it brings lawsuits if they have unfair practices. It supports independent agencies and regulate big business in becoming too powerful. This was another method used by President Wilson to trust bust like Roosevelt did when he was president.
16th Amendment
This amendment was written in 1909. The amendment stated that congress shall have power to impose a federal tax on the people of the United States. The amendment was illegal before but the progressives wanted this for the government. The amendment would bring a steady revenue source to try to expand and fond programs. They're concern was that the rich would accumulate to much wealth.
Upton Sinclair
A socialist who illustrated the bad working conditions in a Chicago meat factory. He explained how workers would work hours in conditions that made them lose their fingers, get diseases and much more. He was able to cause a cry out among the nations but not for what he wanted. The people were mostly concerned about what the meat contained. The factories during this time would not contain hygienic rules. His book The Jungle was able to bring attention to the supreme court, which they passed the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906. Even though he brought attention to the poor hygienic in factories he wasn't able to bring attention towards the working conditions.
Muckraker
Is an investigative journalist who tried to expose the "evil in society." This word came from Teddy Roosevelt. They were a HUGE part of the reform movement in the late 19th century and the early 20th century.
Clayton Antitrust Act
Was an act established by President Wilson in 1914. This act just helps the Federal Trade Commission in stating that this act will seek to prevent anti-competitive practices in their incipience. This act gave a more specific type of of approach than the anti-trust act towards monopolies. This act and the Federal Trade Commission is how President Wilson show how it supports independent agencies and want to stop the spread of monopolies getting any bigger than they're already are. He is has similar ideas like President Roosevelt when he would use trust busting and the Sherman Antitrust act to stop monopolies.
Speak softly and carry a big stick"
Was a saying that President Roosevelt would use this to describe his method to isolationism. The president tried to solve problems in a peaceful way before having to use force. The big stick was an ideology, diplomacy and his foreign policy attraction. Whenever the country would need to be spoken that's when they would use force to carry their point across. The phrase was mostly used in cartoons when it referred to foreign policy in Latin American
New Freedom
A new program that president Wilson runs after he reelection. This program wanted to dismantle the corporate power which was opposite of what Roosevelt wanted. He does not distinguish between bad and good trust for him any trust is bad trust. He wants to break up big business, monopolies, and make competition. He was looking to help with small business. Roosevelt and Wilson knew each other but they did not see eye to eye on many things. There is a lot of hypocrisy among each other and Wilson calls Roosevelt an Erratic comer.
Gunboat Diplomacy
Is a foreign policy that supported by use or threat of military force created by President Roosevelt. This was his way of showing off the big stick to other countries. This policy would help establish the united states domination in the Western Hemisphere. An example of Gunboat Diplomacy was the building of the panama canal. The Panama Canal benefited the United States in that it was better for trade, quicker shipping routes and a cheaper way to send goods. The Panama Canal would cut through central america and produce a faster route for boats. Another benefit from the building of the Panama canal was that it would benefit the United States during war because it would be faster to take ships from one side of the ocean to the other.
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Is an addition to the monroe doctrine where the United States announced that that they would become a national police power. This addition means that the United States willd act as a police officer to try and protect the Americas from European nations. The addition also stated that the United States will be in charge of having stability in the Americas. This happened because of what was happening in Venezuela during this time.
Segregation of Federal Offices
President Wilson is the first president to segregate something. He segregated administration, meaning no man of color was helping run his administration. Many of African Americans supported Wilson but after the segregation of federal offices many of his African American voters were very disappointed. They begin separate themselves away from his presidency.
Occupation of Veracruz
On April 1914, the United States wanted to occupy Veracruz with american troops. Wilson had heard that Germany was going to send weapons and ammunitions to Mexico which that imposed a threat to the United States. Wilson sent the navy to Veracruz and made mexicans really mad. They saw it as a violation to mexican democracy.
Trust Busting (Trusts, Sherman Antitrust Act)
President Roosevelt started breaking up monopolies by using this method. The Sherman Antitrust Act was act passed by congress that committed the American government to oppose monopolies in 1890. He wanted monopolies to be forbidden, so he enforce these law in 1902.
Dollar diplomacy
Is the use of a country's financial power to extend its international influence. He believed this would help the united states would make allies instead of scaring them away. This was established by president Taft when he took office in 1905. He believed in investing dollars he would have a better relationship with other countries. He thought that the way in getting what you want is by offering money to the countries. This was a way to prevent war or a disagreement form happening. It would be "substituting bullets with money". Taft was concerned of the economy of the Americas. So he went on to pay off the debt for central american countries but the countries did not want that. Taft did not like the rejection of Nicaragua and sent troops to make them accept the offering and ended up looking like gunboat diplomacy
Great White Fleet
Was the building of a powerful navy during President Roosevelt's term. Roosevelt believed that they needed a large powerful navy because it was essential for the National defense of the United States. This was also another way that Roosevelt would show of to the other countries how powerful the United States was. In 1907, President Roosevelt sent of the navy in a world tour to help other countries. The tour consisted of 17 ships sailing around the world for 14 months. This was a way to show of the united states "big stick".
Francisco "Pancho" Villa
A former general during the mexican revolution and enemy of Carranza. He was very angered for what Wilson had done when seizing veracruz. He led a group of mexicans to small town of Columbus, new mexico and killed 18 americans. This caused a rage in Americans and Wilson sent his general to punish Pancho Villa for what he had done
Eugene V. Debs
He was a labor leader that run for the socialist party in the 1912 election with Wilson, Taft and Roosevelt. During this time, the socialist party was doing great, they had people in office such as majors and people in office. His party was attracted to radical immigrant workers from Europe and from progressives. He believed that " workers should rise up and demand their rights. The Election of 1912 was mostly focused on reforming the United States.
Section 2
(33 cards)