Section 1
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Multicellular Organisms
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Multicellular Organisms
Organisms composed of many cells (Ex. tissue, humans, etc.)
Exocytosis
Large molecules going OUT of the cell
Eukaryote
Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)
Cell Differentiation/ Cell Specialization
process of a stem cell becoming a certain type of cell that has a specific function
Facilitated Diffusion
"Semi-active" uses transport proteins to help move material across the plasma membrane, but still doesn't require energy
Light Independent Reaction
Calvin Cycle; Solar energy is not required, occurs in the stroma pf the Chloroplast and produces glucose for the plant
Golgi Apparatus
UPS of the cell; Sorts and packages molecules
Rough ER
Transports Proteins; Has Ribosomes
Prokaryote
Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)
Cytoplasm
dissolves nutrients, allowing diffusion to occur; holds all the organelles
Isotonic
Same amount of water entering the cell as existing, resulting in an equilibrium, normal Cell
Nuclear Envelope
Controls what goes in/out of the nucleus
Ribosomes
Makes protein; Where translation in protein synthesis occurs
Lysosomes
Breaks down waste, food, etc.
Photosynthesis
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells (general, template-like cells that have no general function yet)
Activation Energy
amount of energy needed to start a reaction; enzymes lower this energy
Concentration Gradient
Drives diffusion; moves from left to right
Cell Membrane
Semi-permeable, therefore maintains homeostasis
Cell Wall
Only in Plant Cells; supports and provides protection
Diffusion
No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)
Protein
monomers are amino acids; functions include regulate reactions and cell processes, structure/function, immunity, hormones
Amino Acid
monomer of a protein; held together by peptide bonds; tRNA carry these to the ribosome during protein synthesis
Cilia
Movement for Eukaryotes
Hypotonic
Water only entering the cell, resulting in it being Lysed/Burst
Smooth ER
Transports Proteins; Does not have Ribosomes
Active Transport
Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)
Lipid
used for long term energy storage; monomers are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids; make up the phospholipid bilayer;
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism
Organelles
Small structures that perform various functions for the cell (reside within the cytoplasm)
Enzyme
biological catalyst that speeds up reactions; made of proteins; have an active site and bind with specific substrates
Homeostasis
Internal condition is balanced
Osmosis
No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out
Endocytosis
Large molecules going INTO the cell
Vacuole
Where molecules, waste, etc. is stored; Bigger in Plant Cells
Hypertonic
Water only exiting the cell, resulting in it being shriveled
Unicellular Organism
Organisms composed of only one cell (Ex. Bacteria)
Passive Transport
No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)
Organic Molecule/Macromolecule
large molecules made of carbon
Monosaccharide
simple sugars, monomer for carbs (ex: glucose and sucrose)
Nucleic Acids
Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA
Mitochondria
Makes ATP, (Power house of the cell); Where Cellular Respiration occurs
Light Dependent Reaction
Solar energy needed to produce NADPH & ATP and Water (releasing oxygen) occurs in the Chloroplast
Nucleus
Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA
Carbohydrate
main source of quick energy; building blocks are monosaccharides
Vesicles
Used when molecules are too large to pass through the membrane, even with the help of a transport protein
Flagella
Movement for Prokaryotes
Pumps
Molecules are "pumped" by a transport protein to get across the membrane, requiring energy
Catalyst
substances used to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction
Chloroplast
Makes glucose for the plant; Where Photosynthesis occurs
Section 2
(50 cards)
Chromosome
long thread of DNA containing genetic information
Crossing Over
Allows for genetic diversity where the genetic information from male and female swap; occurs during Prophase I
Dominant
Trait is always expressed if present
Telophase
Cells membrane forms, spindle fibers retract, and chromosomes uncoil as the cell starts to become two
Spindle Fibers
Fibers that extend across a dividing eukaryotic cell and assists in the separation of chromosomes
Phenotype
Physical appearance/characteristic of an organism (Ex. Blue eyes)
Synapsis
Occurs in Prophase I when two chromosomes (one from each parent) come together to form a homologous pair
Diploid
(2n) two sets of chromosomes from each parent
Homologous Pair
Cluster of four chromosomes, two from male and two from female, can exchange genetic information through crossing over
Heterozygous
When an organism has two different alleles for a trait (Ex. Aa)
Check Points
Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to monitor the growth of cells
Daughter Cells
Created at the end of mitosis, each has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell and will be identical to each other
Mitosis
Somatic Cells undergo this in order to repair and regrow, creating two identical diploid daughter cells
Centromere
region of chromosomes that holds the two sister chromatids together during mitosis
Meiosis
Start with one diploid cell and end with four unique haploid cells
Lactic Acid Fermentation
In Anaerobic Respiration- pyruvates break down creating energy (found in muscles)
Cell Plate
Within a plant cell, forms midways between the divided nuclei of a cell during Cytokinesis
Recessive
Trait is only seen if dominant allele isn't present
Sister Chromatid
One of 2 strands of a chromosome that becomes visible during mitosis
Monohybrid Cross
examines the inheritance of one trait
Centriole
(fishing pole) cell organelle that produces spindle fibers
Electron Transport Chain
Final stage of Cellular Respiration where most of the energy is produced (34 ATP) in the mitochondria. Hydrogen combines with Oxygen to form water and Carbon Dioxide is released. (Aerobic)
Malignant
Mass that impairs multiple organs (cancerous)
Cell Cycle
Repeated pattern of growth and division that occurs in eukaryotes
Somatic
Body cell (liver, skin, etc.)
ATP
Main source of energy for the cell; made in the Mitochondria. When used in the cell it turns into ADP and returns to the Mitochondria to be converted back
Zygote
offspring (baby) where the egg and sperm meet
Linked Genes
genes located on the same chromosome will be inherited together
Cellular Respiration
DNA
Makes up chromosomes and copies itself during cell division, provides a blueprint for protein synthesis by specific arrangement of nitrogenous bases; Deoxyribose, Double Helix
Pyruvic Acid
Produced in Glycolysis and then used during Fermentation of Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Stage of Cellular Respiration that requires Energy; includes the Krebs Cycle and ETC
Anaerobic Respiration
Doesn't require oxygen; includes Lactic Acid Fermentation and Alcohol Fermentation of Cellular Respiration
Benign
Mass that remains at its original site
Tetrad
Another term for homologous pair
Genotype
Genetic makeup of an organism, revealing the types of alleles he/she has inherited (Ex. AA)
Interphase
G1: growth S: (synthesis) replicate DNA G2: growth
Cleavage Furrow
formed by the cell membrane during Cytokinesis, pinching the cell into equal parts
Homozygous
When an organism has two alike alleles for a trait (Ex. AA or aa)
Cytokinesis
The division of the cytoplasm into two individual cells
Prophase
Preparing, Cell membrane begins to break down and spindle fibers form
Alleles
different forms of a gene (Ex. 'A')
Gamete
Sexual reproductive cell (egg and sperm)
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up in the middle and spindle fibers attach to the centromere
Alcohol Fermentation
In Anaerobic Respiration- occurs mostly in yeast, pyruvates break down forming alcohol, CO2, and releasing energy
Haploid
(1n) one set of chromosomes (egg and sperm)
Anaphase
Spindle fibers pull the sister chromatids apart, pulling them away from the center of the cell
Cancer
Uncontrolled Cell Growth (tumor)
Krebs Cycle
In Aerobic Respiration- pyruvates travel to the mitochondria where it eventually releases CO2, water, and 2 ATP
Glycolysis
First stage of Cellular Respiration in which the Glucose molecule is broken in half creating two Pyruvic Acid molecules and 2ATP
Section 3
(50 cards)
Gene Map
Shows relative location of each gene on a chromosome
Polygenic Trait
Trait controlled by two or more genes (Ex. Skin color and Eye Color)
Nucleotide
small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
mRNA
Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus
Nitrogenous Base
Part of a nucleotide, consists of Thymine (only DNA), Uracil (only RNA), Adenine Guanine, and Cytosine
Nondisjunction
When chromosomes don't separate properly during anaphase, resulting in an abnormal amount of chromosomes
Mendel
Father of Genetics; responsible of the Law of Inheritance
Speciation
The process of forming a new species by biological evolution from preexisting species
rRNA
Ribosomal RNA, along with protein, makes up the ribosome
tRNA
Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins are synthesized, contains the anticodon that matches the codon on the mRNA
Transcription
DNA is copied into a complementary strand of mRNA in the nucleus
Cloning
Making an identical copy of a gene or organism
Dihybrid Cross
examines the inheritance of two different traits
Mutation
an alteration of an organism's DNA caused by a malfunction during meiosis or from exposure to a mutagen
Gene
specific location on a chromosome (DNA) that codes for a particular protein
Heredity
Passing of traits from parent to offspring
Species
Group of organisms that share similar characteristics, interbreed, and make fertile offspring
Vestigial Structure
Structures with little or no function to the organism (Ex. the human appendix)
Codominance
offspring contains BOTH parent's characteristics distinctly
Genome
All genetic material in an organism
RNA
Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar
Mutagen
A physical or chemical agent that causes a mutation
Hybridization
Breeding two strong traits to result in a mixture between the two (Ex. Mule)
Pedigree
A chart made to show inheritance patterns within a family
Selective Breeding
Artificially breeding for a desired trait
Divergent Evolution
Different species diverge from a common ancestor; related species become more and more dissimilar
Multiple Alleles
Exists for a particular trait even through only two alleles are inherited (Ex. Blood Type)
Inbreeding
crossing individuals who are closely related
DNA Replication
Process of making a copy of DNA through the use of enzymes (Helicase) and complimentary base pairing to ensure that every cell has identical DNA molecules; Occurs during Synthesis of Interphase
Genetic Drift
Random change in frequency of alleles of a population overtime
Gene Flow
The movement of genes into or out of a population overtime
Translation
mRNA with the genetic information is taken to the Ribosome and in interpreted into amino acids
Phylogeny
The study of how closely related something is
F2 Generation
the second generation's offspring
Law of Segregation
Alleles separate during meiosis and unite in fertilization
Trait
Characteristic that can be passed from one parent to offspring
Incomplete Dominance
Offspring is a mixture of the parent's characteristics through multiple generations
Sex-Linked Trait
Involves genes on either the X or the Y chromosome; Passed most normally through the Y chromosome (Ex. Color blindness, Hemophilia)
Convergent Evolution
Different species in the same environment that are similar in looks/behavior evolving together
F1 Generation
the first generation's offspring
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
Genes are located on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns
Gene Pool
All the genes, including different alleles, of all individuals in a population
Gene Therapy
Scientist enter a normal gene into an absent or abnormal one
Genetics
Study of Heredity, each somatic cell is a diploid where chromosomes are inherited from offspring's parent
Law of Independent Assortment
Segregation of alleles of one trait does not affect the segregation of alleles of another trait
Homologous Structures
Similar characteristics resulting from common ancestry
Anticodon
3 base complement to the codon on the tRNA
Codon
Sequence of 3 bade pairs on a strand of DNA or mRNA
Law of Dominance
Some alleles are dominant and some are recessive
Stop Codon
Tells the ribosome to stop translating
Section 4
(50 cards)
Competition
(-,-) when 2+ organisms need the same resource at a time
Secondary Consumer
Carnivores and Omnivores (3rd level)
Mutualism
(+,+) Both organism benefit
Gradualism
Gradual changes of a species over long periods of time
Predation
(+,-) Interaction where predator eats prey (stabilizes population)
Genetic Equilibrium
No change of allele frequencies within a species
Nonrenewable Resources
Cannot be produced at the same rate as they are consumed
Biotic
Living factors in an environment
Natural Selection
Allows for the most favorable phenotypes to survive and be passed on
Renewable Resources
Can be produced at the same rate as they are consumed
Parasitism
(+,-) One organism (parasite) benefits, while the other (host) is harmed
Punctuated Evolution
Periods of abrupt changes in a species after a long period of time
Food Web
Many interconnected food chains (describes various energy paths)
Analogous Structures
Similar in appearance and function but have different evolutionary origins
Commensalism
(+,o) One organism benefits and the other isn't affected
Population Density
Number of individual organisms living in a defined space
Non-Random Mating
Limits the expression of certain allele frequencies
Carnivore
Eat primarily consumers (meat)
Primary Consumer
Heterotrophs, herbivores (2nd level)
Detrivore
Heterotroph that decomposes organic material
Tertiary Consumer
Carnivores and Omnivores (4th level)
Food Chain
Simplest path energy takes through an ecosystem
Secondary Succession
Starts with soil, Pioneer Species = Grass
Genetic Variability
Makes sure new generations result in individuals with unique genotypes
Carrying Capacity
Maximum population size that can be supported by the resources available
Symbiotic
Two different species live together in direct contact
Producers
Green plants and autotrophs, capture the sun's energy (1st level)
Extinction
Elimination of a species when they can no longer adapt to the changing environment (can be gradual or rapid)
Anatomy
The study of the structures of organisms
Phylogenetic Trees
Scientific diagrams that represent the phylogeny of organisms (a.k.a. cadograms). Classifies into major groups (taxa) by physical characteristics, in order from which they descended from an ancestor
Niche
Role of an organism in its environment, including the food they eat, how they obtain the Food, and how it interacts
Omnivore
Eat both primary consumers and producers
Coevolution
Two or more species living close together change in response to one another (the evolution of one species affects the evolution of another)
Paleontology
The study of prehistoric life
Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment
Mass Extinction
Occurs when a catastrophic event changes the environment very suddenly, resulting in a sudden loss of a species
Primary Succession
Starts with rock, Pioneer Species = Lichen
Conditions for Genetic Equalibrium
1) Large population with no genetic drift 2) No movement in/out of population 3) Random Mating 4) No mutations within the gene pool 5) No Natural Selection
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
What needs to be done in order to obtain a genetic equilibrium
Trophic Level
Different levels displaying the order of a food chain
Ecology Succession
Series of changes in an ecosystem when one community is replaced
Herbivore
Eat green plants
10% Rule
90% of energy is lost to the environment (through heat), only 10% of the energy is transferred to the next trophic level
Embryology
The study embryonic development of organisms
Abiotic
Non-living factors in an environment
Ecosystem
Community, all organisms in a given area and abiotic factors that annoy them
Asexual Reproduction
Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis resulting in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability
Sexual Reproduction
Involves two parents through fertilization resulting in genetically different offspring that increases on organism's chance of survival
Greenhouse Effect
Normal warming effect when gases trap heat in the environment
Acid Rain
A result of industrial pollution, caused by the burning of fossil fuels
Section 5
(5 cards)