AP Government_1

Full Faith and Credit

States must give F.F.C. to legal documents of other states

Federalists papers

Series of essays written by Hamilton, Madison, and Jay published in 1787–1788 to convince people to amend the constitution

Extradition

The requirement for a state to return a fugitive to a state from where he or she fled.

Dual Federalism

The national and state governments have defined areas of authority

Political Culture

A patterned set of ways of thinking about how politics and governing ought to be carried out

Government

individuals in charge of running a state or region

Mandate

Requirements that direct states or local gov. to comply with federal rules under threat of penalty or as a condition of receipt of federal grants.

Republic

Power is vested in people and representatives, which are selected by popular vote

Constitution

Basic written set of principles and models of federal government in the US. Approved Sep. 17, 1787

Concurrent Powers

Powers shared by both the national government and the states.

Internal Efficiency

Confidence in own abilities to understand and influence politics

Decentralization

Loosening power of the national government to represent government

Separation of Powers

The legislative, executive, and judicial powers of government are in separate bodies.

Political Ideology

Set of views as to the as to the policies government should pursue

Power

The ability of one person to get another person to act on their intentions

Intergovernmental Relations

A department in a city that is accountable for coordinating and monitoring activities with the state, federal and other local governments, and public agencies.

Legitimacy

Political authority conferred by law, authority, public opinion, or constitution.

Great compromise

Providing the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

Representation

Speaking or acting on behalf of someone or the state of being represented

Democracy

System in which people are said to rule, directly or indirectly

Authority

The right to use power

Judicial Review

The power of the courts to declare acts of the legislature and executive to be unconstitutional

Formula Grant

Grant awarded based on statistical criteria for specific types of work

New Jersey plan

Proposed to amend the Articles, enhanced national gov. power, each state still had 1 vote

Categorical Grants

Federal grants for specific purposes defined by federal law.

Confederate System

States or regional government retain ultimate authority

Articles of Confederation

First constitution of the U.S. (Drafted in 1777 and ratified in 1781)

Minority rights

Rights applied to various minority groups

Grants–in–aid

Amount of money given to local government, institution, or scholar

Federalism

Ultimate authority is shared between a central government and state or regional governments

Privileges and immunities

Prevents a state from treating citizens of another state in discrimination manner. (Act IV, sec. Clause 1)

Connecticut Compromise

Providing the states with equal representation in the Senate and proportional representation in the House of Representatives.

Shay's Rebellion

1787 rebellion to fight foreclosures of forms as a result of high–interest rates and taxes.

Public Policy

Principle on which social laws are based

Hyperpluralism

A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function

Declaration of Independence

Document written by Jefferson claiming independence from Britain

Block Grants

Grants of money from the federal government to states for broad programs

External efficiency

Belief that the system will respond to citizens (has changed a lot)

Factions

Groups of people who influence public policy in ways for the public good

Policy Agenda

A set of issues and policies laid out by ideological or political groups

Policy Gridlock

Situation in which there's difficulty passing laws (Gridlocked when the ratio between bills passed and the agenda of the legislature decreases)

Political Efficiency

Ability to effect government

Limited Government

Government that is limited by law

Bicameral

legislative body having two branches or chambers

Enumerated powers

Powers directly stated in the constitution

Devine Right Theory

Asserts that monarch derives his right to rule directly from god

Pluralist theory

Competition among all affected interests shapes public policy.

Supremacy Clause

Makes the constitution the supreme law of the land

Federalists

Supporters of the constitution. Supported a stronger central government

Checks and Balances

The power of the legislature, Executive, and Judicial to block some acts by the other two branches

Social Contract Theory

Societies exist through a mutual contract between individuals, and the state exists to serve the will of the people.

Fiscal Federalism

Using money to influence states

Implied Powers

Powers that are necessary for carrying out enumerated powers. (Necessary and proper)

Consent of the governed

Citizens agreed to be governed

Revenue sharing

A portion of federal tax revenues is shared with state and local governments.

Amendment process

Officially proposed by a two–thirds vote in both houses of Congress (or by two–thirds of all state legislatures), then it needs to be ratified by three–fourths of the state legislatures (Article 5, Section 1)

Project Grants

Awarded based on the merits of an application

Majority Rule

Greater number should exercise greater power

Politics

Process in which gov. leaders are selected and what policies they pursue

Bill of Rights

A list of rights and liberties for the American people. ( Freedom of speech, religion)

Necessary and proper clause

Congress can pass all laws that are N&P to carry out enumerated powers

Devolution

Effort to scale back responsibility (power) of the government and to shift it to the states

Constitutional convention

Meeting in 1787 to revise the Articles, but instead created a whole new government

Anti–Federalists

Delegates against the constitution. Didn't want supreme power in the government.

Sovereignty

Supreme political authority **A sovereign government is one that is legally and politically independent of any other gov.**

Policymaking institutions

Congress, the presidency, and the courts established by the Constitution to make policy.

Cooperative Federalism

Asserts the National Government is supreme over the states

Natural Rights

Unalienable rights (laws that can't be taken away: Liberty and speech)

Linkage institutions

A structure that connects the people to the government

Elastic Clause

Necessary and proper

Elite and class theory

Identifiable group of people who possess a disproportionate share of some political power.

Modern Society in two major classes, capitalists and workers

Civic Duty

Belief that one has the obligation to participate in civic and political affairs

Reserved powers

Powers granted to the state and people (10th amendment)

Delegated power

Powers that are granted to the national government