Section 1
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abiotic synthesis
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (70)
Section 1
(50 cards)
abiotic synthesis
formation of organic molecules from inorganic material
Monophyletic
A branch on a phylogenetic tree that contains all decscendants of a common ancestor
vestigial structures
remnants of features that served important functions in the the organism's ancestors
macroevolution
the broad pattern of evolution over long time spans
endosymbiosis
mitochondria and chloroplasts were formally small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells
stabilizing selection
acts against both extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants
outgroup
a species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species we are studying
Darwin's Theory (five parts)
1. Variation 2. Overproduction 3. Competition 4. Survival of the fittest 5. Overtime, emergence of new species (new alleles)
punctuated equilibrium
a new species changes most as it buds from a parent species and then changes little for the rest of its existence
homology
similarity due to shared ancestry
genetic drift
changes in the gene pool due to random events
frequency-dependent selection
fitness of a phenotype declines if it becomes too common in the population
Cryptic species
Species which look almost identical but that are very different in other traits
Abiogenesis
origin of life from nonliving matter
disruptive selection
when conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes
prezygotic barriers
impede mating or hinder fertilization if mating occurs (five types: habitat, temporal, behavioral, mechanical, gametic)
analogy
similarity due to convergent evolution
hybrids
offspring that result from interspecific mating
microevolution
changes over time in allele frequencies in a population
diploidy
the state of being diploid, that is having two sets of chromosomes
population
a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed, producing fertile offspring
systematics
study and classification of biodiversity and determining their evolutionary relationships
geologic timescale
division of the history of Earth into eras, periods and epochs
speciation
the process by which one species splits into two or more species
post zygotic barriers
prevents hybrid zygote from developing into a viable fertile adult through reducing hybrid viability, reducing hybrid fertility, or hybrid breakdown
reproductive isolation
the existance of biological barriers that impede members of two species from producing viable offspring
maximum parsimony (Ockham's Theory)
a principle that states that when considering multiple explanations for an observation, one should first investigate the simplest explanation that is consistent with the facts
fitness
ability to produce surviving offspring
phylogeny
the evolutionary history of a species or group of species
extinction
total disappearance of all members of a species
extant
still in existance
bottleneck effect
when there is a severe drop in population size, certain alleles may be overrepresented among the survivors, others may be underrepresented, and some may be absent altogether
sympatric speciation
speciation occurs in populations that live in the same geographic area (usually occurs due to polyploidy, habitat differentiation, and sexual selection)
homologous structures
structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry
founder effect
when a individuals become isolated from a larger population, this smaller group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population
polyploidy
extra sets of chromosomes due to accidents during cell division
allopatric speciation
gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided into geographically isolated subpopulations
species
a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring- but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with members of other such groups
gene flow
the transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes
gene pool
the aggregate of all of the alleles for all of the loci in individuals in a population
directional selection
when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one extreme of a phenotypic range, thereby shifting the frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction or the other
mass extinction
total disappearance of a large number a species within a few million years
natural selection
a process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics
sexual selection
a form of natural selection in which individuals with certain inherited characteristics are more likely than other individuals to obtain mates
clade
a group of species which includes an ancestral species and all of its descendants
adaptive radiation
Period of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill vacant ecological roles in their communities
sexual dimorphism
marked differences between the two sexes in secondary sexual characteristics, which are not directly associated with reproduction or survival (differences in size, color, ornamentation, and behavior)
Hardy-Weinberg
the frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population will remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work
convergent evolution
the independent evolution of similar features in different lineages
heterozygote advantage
when individuals who are heterozygous at a particular locus have greater fitness than do both kind of homozygous
Section 2
(20 cards)