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AP Bio Cell Anatomy and Physiology

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Section 1

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Cell Membrane (A)

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Anatomy Science

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (40)

Section 1

(40 cards)

Cell Membrane (A)

Front

ANATOMY: made of phospholipids. It is a double layer of phospholipids where the hydrophobic tails as together and the hydrophilic heads are together face away from the center. (Bilayer) moves due to cytoskeleton movement. surrounds the organelles of the cell. mainly composed of lipids and proteins

Back

Smooth ER (P)

Front

Makes hormones and lipids for the cell

Back

Chromatin (P)

Front

Carries genetic information needed to reproduce Make up individual structural units of DNA In DNA the order of the bases define the information for building an organism Involved in mitosis, the amount of chromosomes is doubled and then they are split apart (prophase) In sexual reproduction organisms get 23 chromosomes from their mom and 23 from their dad

Back

Small Vacuole (P)

Front

Stores food and waste products in animal cells

Back

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (P)

Front

Cells secrete proteins produced by ribosomes on rough ER Polypeptide chain grows from a bound ribosome, its threaded into the ER lumen, and it folds into its native shape Special molecules in ER membrane attach carbohydrates to proteins ER membrane keeps secretory proteins separate from those produced by free ribosomes Secretory proteins leave ER wrapped in membranes of vesicles that bud like bubbles in the transitional ER Membrane factory for the cell, grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids to its own membrane Produces its own membrane phospholipids Membrane expands and is transferred in the form of transport vesicles to other parts of the endomembrane system

Back

Cytosol (A)

Front

jelly-like fluid in cell

Back

Chromatin (A)

Front

DNA is organized into a chromosome The DNA is wrapped around a protein called histone which helps it maintain its structure Normal human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes

Back

Nucleus (P)

Front

Contains DNA; control center of the cell

Back

Centrioles (A)

Front

Located inside the centrosome Composed of 9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring Only found in animal cells Positioned at right angles to each other

Back

Nuclear Envelope (A)

Front

two lipid bilayer that contains the nucleus

Back

CIlia (P)

Front

Move the cell

Back

Flagellum (P)

Front

propels the cell

Back

Cytoplasm (P)

Front

provides structure and support

Back

Ribosome (A)

Front

a small particle made of protein and RNA

Back

Nucleolus (A)

Front

ANATOMY: Mass of densely strained granules and fibers adjoining part of the chromatin. The nucleolus is located in the nucleus.

Back

Mitochondria (P)

Front

The Mitochondria is the powerhouse of the cell In the Mitochondria Cellular Respiration occurs and generates all the power for the cell

Back

Nuclear Envelope (P)

Front

Protects DNA from escaping into the cytoplasm

Back

Mitochondria (A)

Front

They have a double membrane which is phospholipid bilayer with proteins embedded inside The outermost layer is smooth while the inner layer is folded The folds increase surface area which allow an increase in productivity in cellular respiration They are located in the cytoplasm They are only partially dependent on the cell because they have their own DNA

Back

Ribosome (P)

Front

Help synthesize polypeptides and proteins

Back

Lysosome (A)

Front

They have a single cell membrane layer They are often budded off of the Golgi Apparatus They are spherical, but their size and shape can vary They are found in all animal cells, but they have their highest concentrations in disease fighting cells

Back

Cell Wall (A)

Front

Primary cell wall is when the cells are still growing and the secondary cell wall is when the cell is fully developed Extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells Made up of cellulose, poly-saccharides and proteins Chromatin are the chromosomes you see in interphase

Back

Lysosome (P)

Front

Acts as the garbage man of the cell They break down the waste products of the cell including dead organelles and viruses They break down the carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids After digesting the materials it is returned to the cytoplasm to be used as new building materials

Back

Cilia (A)

Front

Hairlike structures on the outside of the cell

Back

Nucleolus (P)

Front

The is the largest structure in the nucleus. The nucleolus has numerous other functions including assembly of signal recognition particles, modification of transfer RNAs and sensing cellular stress. Here a type of RNA called ribosomal RNA is made for instruction in DNA. Also in the nucleolus proteins are assembled with rRNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes.

Back

Vacuole (P)

Front

Very similar to the trunk of a car Can store water , chemicals and insoluble wastes They help maintain pH balance inside the cell

Back

Nucleus (A)

Front

Membrane bound structure in center of the cell

Back

Large Central Vacuole (P)

Front

The primary function of the Large Central Vacuole is to help maintain pressure exerted on the cell wall (Turgor) They also act as a temporary storage for materials and final storage for waste products They also push the contents of the cytoplasm closer to the cell wall which helps the chloroplast reach more sunlight They pump K+ ions into and out of the cell using active transport They store food and water for the cells Consumption Plants pump ions like potassium and chloride into vacuoles as well. This keeps the concentration of dissolved substances in the vacuole and in the cell's cytoplasm at the correct level to maintain turgor pressure, the osmotic pressure caused by the difference in solute concentration both inside and outside the cell.

Back

Centrioles (P)

Front

Before an animal cell divides the centrioles replicate Help organize microtubule assembly Microtubules are a structure that help form the cytoskeleton Replicate in interphase Needed for the completion of cytokinesis Organize mitotic spindles

Back

Cytoskeleton (A)

Front

proteins and filaments in the cytoplasm of the cell

Back

Cytosol (P)

Front

Allows organelles to float and move within the cell

Back

Golgi Apparatus (A)

Front

Folded membranes and vesicles that resembles a stack of pancakes

Back

Small Vacuole (A)

Front

small, spherical, floating pouch

Back

Vacuole (A)

Front

Membrane bound sac Very large in plant cells Smaller in animal cells

Back

Cell Membrane (P)

Front

PHYSIOLOGY: -protects the cell from outside chemicals and elements. -includes protein that help to transport specific things in and out of the cell. Endocytosis- the transport of material into a cell. Materials are enclosed by a fold of the cell membrane, which shut to form a closed vesicle. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) Phagocytosis (cell eating).h shut to form a closed vesicle. Pinocytosis (cell drinking) Phagocytosis (cell eating).

Back

Smooth ER (A)

Front

resembles the rough er but does not have ribosomes

Back

Golgi Apparatus (P)

Front

Processes and ships proteins and lipids

Back

Flagellum (A)

Front

a long, whip-like tail

Back

Cell Wall (P)

Front

Protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive intake of water Holds cell up against the force of gravity Middle Lamella glues adjacent cells together When the cell is done growing it strengthens the wall by secreting hardening substances onto the primary wall

Back

Large Central Vacuole (A)

Front

Large Central Vacuole usually takes up 30% of the cell and can take up as much as 80% It is bound by a membrane and is present in all plant and fungal cells Mostly found in the center of the cell

Back

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (A)

Front

Network of membranes that accounts for more than half the total membrane in eukaryotic cells Consists of a network of membranous tubules and sacs called "cisternae"

Back