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Characteristics for character displacement because of competition and niche partition

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Competition Prep

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (20)

Section 1

(20 cards)

Characteristics for character displacement because of competition and niche partition

Front

(2) There is competition for resource and it must be directly correlated with character similarity (there's competition between species for seed use)

Back

Paramecium Lab Experiments

Front

Gause demonstrated resource limitation with Paramecium caudatum and Paramecium aurelia in presence of 2 different concentrations of bacteria. - When grown alone, carrying capacity determined by intraspecific competition. - When grown together: P. caudatum declined (reduced resource supplies increased competition).

Back

Niche partitioning (allows for coexistence)

Front

- Natural selection tends to move fundamental niche to realized niche. Niches become more narrow & less overlapping between species. - One possible mechanism of niche partitioning is character displacement (ex: beak sizes are different ESPECIALLY when sympatric rather than allopatric) - Two species have changed & narrowed niches due to competition

Back

Exploitation (Scrambled competition)

Front

indirect competition for a limiting resource (I found Easter egg first, and somebody else doesn't get it)

Back

Interference

Front

direct aggressive interaction between individuals (wolves don't like coyotes, coyotes eat wolves' remaining kill)

Back

Characteristics for character displacement because of competition and niche partition

Front

(3) Differences in character best explained by competition for resource & not another reason (beak size for seed NOT beak size different because fighting mechanisms)

Back

Niche partitioning (allows for coexistence)

Front

- Degree of competition depend upon degree of niche overlap - Interspecific competition predicted to lead to directional selection for reduced niche overlap

Back

Hutchinson says

Front

niche as n dimensional hyper-volume n equates the number of environmental factors important to survival and reproduction of a species.

Back

Standards of competition taking place (Not everything is due to competition)

Front

Differences between sympatric & allopatric populations: 1. Have to be based on genetics 2. Evolved in place 3. Not derived from different founder groups already differing in character

Back

Galapagos Finches Feeding Niches: Grant

Front

Differences in beak size among ground finches related to diet Size of seeds eaten estimated by measuring beak depths Deepest beaks ate hardest seeds After 1977 drought, remaining seeds were hard & mortality heavy among smaller beaked birds.

Back

Barnacle (interspecific) competition: Connell

Front

Balanus determines lower limit of Chthamalus within intertidal zone (competitive exclusion). Potential niche for Chthamalus: Upper - Middle. Realized niche: Upper.

Back

T. Confusum and T. Castaneum do well when grown separately

Front

- T. Confusum died off while T. Castaneum persisted when grown together - Cooler/dryer grown separately and together: T. Confusum excludes Castaneum

Back

Character displacement

Front

- G. Fortis (big) > G. Fuliginosa (small) when sympatric - Morphological differences are results of niche partitioning

Back

Gause proposed Principle of Competitive Exclusion:

Front

Two species with identical niches can't coexist indefinitely. One will be a better competitor and thus, have higher fitness and eventually exclude the other.

Back

Small rodents: Brown studied competition among rodents in Chihuahuan Desert

Front

- Competition among rodents is mainly for food. - Small granivorous (eats seeds) rodents increase when larger granivorous rodents removed. - Insectivorous rodents showed little - no response

Back

Intraspecific competition

Front

Competition with members of own species Density dependent effect in logistic growth model

Back

Niches

Front

Summarizes environmental factors that influence growth, survival, and reproduction of a species. 1. Fundamental: potential niche (all resources organisms could use if had access) 2. Realized niche: reduced niche resulting from interactions such as competition that may restrict environments where a species may live

Back

Interspecific competition

Front

Between individuals of two species Reduces fitness of both 1. Competition: (-, -) <--- 2. Exploitation: (+, -) 3. Mutualism: (+, +)

Back

Characteristics for character displacement because of competition and niche partition

Front

(1) Variation in the character must have known effect on use of resources (beak size related to seed use)

Back

Apparent

Front

indirect competition mediated by a predator. Two species compete with each other through a third species. (Species A's change in behavior gets predators to eat them more and increases survival for Species B)

Back