Section 1
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Solvency
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Section 1
(50 cards)
Solvency
Water is often called the Universal Solent for its ability to dissolve a wide variety of substances.
Saturated
No carbon-carbon double bonds.
Hydrogen Bonding
The properties of water are primarily due to its polarity. The electrons in the O-H bond are not shared equally. This results in a partial negative charge on the oxygen and a partial positive charge on the hydrogen.
CHNOPS
The elements essential for life. Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphate, sulfur
Glycogen
A highly branched chain of glucose molecules. Found in animals to store energy.
Amino acids
There are 20 different amino acids. All amino acids contain one amino group, a carboxyl group, and one variable(R-group). The R-groups which determines the properties of each amino acid
Methyl
R-CH3 Non-polar. Found in fatty acids.
Phosphate
O " R-P-OH | OH Polar. Found in nucleotides and phospholipids.
Buffers
Substances which resist changes in pH. They are often weak acids and bases. Bicarbonate is a common buffer in blood which is kept at ~7.4
Organic Molecules
An organic molecule contains carbon and hydrogen.
Lipids
Fats and oils(triglycerides) Waxes Steroids Phospholipids
Sulfhydryl
R-SH Forms disulfide bond. Found in some amino acids.
Thermal Stability
Water requires more heat energy to raise its temperature. It resists change in temperature.
Peptide
Contains few amino acids and a polypeptide(protein) contains many
Proteins
Structural: (Ex: keratin, silk) Enzymes: (Ex: catalase, trypsin) Transport: (Ex: hemoglobin, potassium channel) Defense: (Ex: antibodies) Hormones: (Ex: Insulin) Motion: (Ex: myosin) Storage: (Ex: ferritin, casein) Receptor: (Ex: insulin receptor)
Chitin
The structural carbohydrate of fungi and animals. Found in the exoskeleton of crabs and insects.
Hydrophilic
'Water-loving' and will readily dissolve in water. They have polar functional groups.
Polymer
Molecules made up of large numbers of repeating monomers. Organic macromolecular polymer can contain between 2 and billions of monomers.
Steroids
Function: Hormones and membrane stabilizer No true monomer exists. Steroids consist of several carbon rings. Elements: CHO All steroids are highly hydrophobic.
Disaccharides
Glucose + Glucose = Maltose Glucose + Galactose = Lactose Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose
Hexoses
6 carbon sugars Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose
Adhesion/Cohesion
Water 'sticks' to substances. This allows it to act as a lubricant in our body. It also has a high surface tension.
Isomer
Organic molecules which have the same molecular formula but have a different arrangement of atoms. This can result in the isomers having different functional groups.
Fats and oils (triglycerides)
Function: Long-term energy and insulation Each triglyceride is made up of a molecule of a glycerol and three fatty acids Lipids containing saturated fatty acids are fats. Those with unsaturated fatty acids are oils. Elements: CHO All triglycerides are highly hydrophobic.
Hydroxyl
R-OH Polar. Forms hydrogen bonds. Found in sugars and some amino acids.
Hydrolysis
This reaction breaks down a polymer into monomers. A molecule of water is used in the process.
Density
Liquid water is more dense than ice.
Water
Properties Essential for Life: 1) Solvency 2) Adhesion/Cohesion 3) Density 4) Thermal Stability
Monosaccharides
Used for energy and they consist of carbon rings. Hexoses Pentoses
Starch
A chain of glucose molecules found in plants to store energy.
Protein continued
Monomers: amino acids, the bond between amino acids is called a peptide bond Polymer: peptide, proteins can have up to 4 levels of structure Conditions which affect hydrogen bonding, or hydrophilic/hydrophobic interactions, alter the shape of the protein or its folding. These include temperature, pH, pressure, and salinity(salt)
Pentoses
5 carbon sugars Ribose and Xylose
Carboxyl
O " R-C-OH Polar. Acidic. Found in fatty acids and amino acids.
pH
Defined as the -log[H+]
Unsaturated
Has carbon-carbon double bonds.
Protein continued 2
Proteins which have lost their shape or unfold are said to be denatured The 3D shape of a protein is critical to its function Elements: CHONS Depending on their variable group(R-group), amino acids can be either hydrophilic or hydrophobic. Often the protein as a whole has large sections that are one or the other
Polysaccharides
Used for energy storage and structure. Due to their size and bonding structure, they tend to be insoluble.
Cellose
Structural carbohydrate of plants. It is found in cell walls.
Carbonyl
O " R-C-H Polar. Found in sugars.
Dehydration Reaction
This reaction joins two monomers together to form a polymer. In this process a molecule of water is released.
Functional Groups
The reactivity of organic molecules depends upon its functional group. 1) hydroxyl 2) methyl 3) carbonyl 4)carboxyl 5) amino 6) phosphate 7) sulfhydryl
Waxes
Function: Water-proofing Made up of s long-chain alcohol and a fatty acid. Elements: CHO All waxes are highly hydrophobic.
Enzyme
An enzyme is a biological catalyst
Amino
R-NH2 polar. Forms hydrogen bonds. Found in amino acids. Basic.
Bases
Substances which except protons. Has a pH between greater than 7 and 14.
Carbohydrates
Primarily immediate energy but they are also structural. Monomers: monosaccharides Polymers: disaccharides and polysaccharides Elements: monomers have the general formula of CnH2nOn n = the number of carbons Carbohydrates are highly hydrophilic
Phospholipids
Function: Main component of cell membrane Consist of a glycerol attached to two fatty acids and a phosphate group. Elements: CHOP Phospholipids are amphilic. The phosphate groups is hydrophilic and the rest of the molecule is hydrophobic.
Hydrophobic
'Water-fearing' and will not readily dissolve in water. They have non-polar functional groups.
Catalyst
Something that speeds up a reaction but does not change in the process
Acids
Substances which donates protons. Has a pH between 0 and less than 7.
Section 2
(16 cards)