Section 1
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Dual-core CPU design?
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Cards (52)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Dual-core CPU design?
Consist of multi chip & multi core
What is non volatile memory?
Non-volatile memory is memory that keeps its information after the power supply is cut.
Interrupt Vector
Used by interrupt to transfers control to the interrupt service routine. It contains all the addresses of all the service routines.
What is an OS?
OS is a resource allocator. OS is a control program.
Explain OS as a resource allocator.
OS manages all resources and decides btwn conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use.
What is a storage-area-network (SAN) ?
A shared storage used in clustered system.
Explain I/O process (wait upon I/O completion)
1. After I/O starts, control returns to user program only upon I/O completion. 2. Wait instruction idles the CPU until the next interrupt. 3. Wait loop (contention for mempry access) 4. At most one I/O request is outstanding at a time. 5. No simultaneous I/O processing.
Computer-system Architecture
System use a single-purpose processor / multiprocessors.
Types of interrupt
Polling & Vectored interrupt system
What is hard disks?
Rigid metal/glass platters covered with magnetic recording material. disk surface < tracks < sectors
Explain OS as a control program.
OS controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer.
Types of multiprocessors?
1. Asymmetric Multiprocessing - each processor is assigned a specific task. 2. Symmetric Multiprocessing - each processor performs all tasks
Storage-device Hierarchy
(From top) Register Cache Main Memory Solid-state disk Hard disk Optical disk Magnetic tapes
Kernel
The one program running at all times on the computer.
Basic unit of computer storage?
Bit
Types of clustering?
1. Asymmetric Clustering 2. Symmetric Clustering
How OS preserves the state of CPU?
Storing registers & program counter.
What is main memory?
Only for large media that CPU can access directly. Ex : random access & volatile
What is a multiprocessor system?
System that uses multiple processors. AKA: Parallel system Tightly-coupled system
Device controller
Inform CPU that it has finished its operation by causing interrupt.
Trap/Exception
A software-generated interrupt caused either by an error or a user request.
Explain I/O process (without waiting for I/O completion)
1. System call 2. Device-status table 3. OS indexes into I/O device table to determine device status & to modify table entry to include interrupt.
Interrupt Architecture
Must save the address of the interrupted instruction.
What is caching?
Copying information into faster storage system.
What is an operating system?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware.
System Call
Request to the OS to allow user to wait for I/O completion.
What is a disk controller?
Determines the logical interaction btwn device and computer.
What is a symmetric clustering?
Has multiple nodes running applications and monitoring each other.
Storage Hierarchy
Organised by speed, cost & volatility.
What is a clustered system?
A system composed of two or more individual systems joined together.
What is secondary storage?
Extension of main memory that provides large non volatile storage capacity.
What is a asymmetric clustering?
Has one machine in hot-standby mode.
Give 4 storage structures.
1. Main memory 2. Secondary storage 3. Hard disks 4. Solid-state disks
How interrupt handling is performed?
1. Determines type of interrupt. 2. Separate segments of code determine what action should be taken for each type of interrupt.
What is DLM?
To avoid operation conflict. Ex : parallel clusters that allow multiple hosts to access the same data on shared storage.
Random access memory (RAM)
Computer location where instructions and data are stored on a temporary basis. This memory is volatile.
What is volatile memory?
Storage that is wiped clean when power is cut off from a device.
What is a solid-state disks?
Faster than hard disks & non volatile.
What is a device driver?
Provides uniform interface btwn controller & kernel. For each device controller to manage I/O..
Device-status Table
Contains entry for each I/O device indicating its type, address, and state.
List advantages of clustered system?
1. Provides a high availability service - survives failures 2. Can be used for high-performance computing (HPC) 3. Some have distributed lock manager (DLM) - to avoid operation conflict
Applications in clustered system must be written in ?
Parallelization.
Bootstrap program
Bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot and stored in ROM/EPROM. (firmware) Initializes all aspects of system and loads OS kernel and starts execution.
Event signaled by I/O interrupt
1. CPU stops what it is doing. 2. It transfers execution to start address of service routine for the interrupt. 3. Execution of interrupt service routine. 4. After completion, CPU resumes interrupted computation.
List the advantages of multiprocessor.
1. Increased throughput 2. Economy of scale 3. Increased reliability - fault tolerance / graceful degradation
State 4 components of computer system.
Hardware, OS, aplication programs and users
Read-only memory (ROM)
A type of memory that contains data that is retrievable but cannot be changed.
Operating System Structure
Divided to: 1. Multiprogramming (batch system) 2. Timesharing (multitasking)
What is a parallelization?
Divides a program into separate components that run in parallel on individual computers in the cluster. Individual solutions combined to form final solution.
Section 2
(2 cards)