Section 1
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What is an "inkhorn term?"
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Date created
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Section 1
(50 cards)
What is an "inkhorn term?"
fancy latinate word
In the 1800s, most linguists thought of language as a collection of speech sounds, words, and grammatical endings. What is this approach called?
Atomistic
What is a dialect?
a particular form of a language that is peculiar to a specific region or social group.
What are the four major dialects of Old English?
Northumbrian (north), Mercian (Midlands), West Saxon (South and West), Kentish (southeast)
How is pidgin characterized?
small vocabulary and simple grammatical structures
What are some examples of inkhorn terms coined by Shakespeare?
indistinguishable, profitless, submerge
Which dialects did Old English (or Anglo-Saxon) develop from?
Germanic dialects, in about 500 BC
What is linguistics?
the scientific study of language
What did the Great Vowel Shift do?
brought changes in phonology (sound patterns) to English that changed vowels into approximately their sounds today- changed the way long vowels were pronounced.
When was the Great Vowel Shift?
1350-1600 (Middle English to Renaissance era)
What are the dates of Early Modern English?
1500-1800
Which branch of languages is English a part of?
Germanic branch
Which family of languages is English a part of?
Indo-European
What is the name of a makeshift language made when speakers of two different languages with no common language have contact?
Pidgin
What are the three periods of the English language?
Old English, Middle English, Modern English
In the 9th century, which other languages became almost interchangeable with Old English?
Old Norse and Danish
Middle English was influenced by which language?
French
What are some examples of similarities attributed to Universal Grammar?
the need for water, thus a word for water in every language; common patterns of descent (Spanish and Italian); contact cultures and borrowing words and structures
What is the smallest unit of speech sound?
Phoneme
When was the Late Modern English period?
1800 to present day
By the end of the 1400s, English had transformed from a Germanic language to a what type of language?
Germanic-Romance Hybrid
What is Saussure's structuralist view of language?
Language is a system in which each element of sound and meaning is mainly defined by how it relates to other elements
What is the smallest unit of meaning in a language?
Morpheme
What factors have affected Late Modern English?
Industrial revolution, rise of new technologies, new scientific words
What helped to promote a standard, uniform version of English in the 1400s?
Increase in printed books
About how many French words were adopted into middle english?
10,000
Who insisted that children have a genetic predisposition for language?
Chomsky
French words such as bouquet and chandelier were introduced to the English language in what time period?
1250 (Middle English)
What are some other languages in the same language branch as English?
Danish, Dutch, German
When did American English divert from British versions in pronunciation, spelling, and vocabulary>
1600s onward
Which Old English dialect became the literary standard and therefore the basis for modern studies of Old English?
West Saxon dialect
What is responsible for the unorthodox and sometimes apparently random use of vowels in spelling English words?
The Great Vowel Shift
What are some examples of English dialects?
Southern American English, African American English, Hawaiian English, Spanglish, Appalachian English
What is evidence of more dialects showing up in Middle English than in Old English?
unregulated spelling showing the variant forms
What is the branch of linguistics that deals with the internal structure and forms of words?
Morphology
What are some legal word that English borrowed from French?
attorney, petition, inquest, felon, evidence, arrest
What is Chomsky's theory of generative grammar?
People share an innate and universal set of linguistic structures, which is why children learn new languages so easily.
When did Middle English begin?
1066 (Norman Conquest)
What is transformation grammar?
the idea that languages have a deep sentence structure and a variable surface structure
What is the study of how sounds are organized and used in languages? (Seeks to make an inventory of sounds and their features and provide rules for how sounds work together)
Phonology
What is the most famous piece of literature written in Old English?
Beowulf
What factors are responsible for introducing foreign words into English, like sauna (finnish) and pundit (hindi)?
English naval dominance and global trade
How many phonemes does the word water have?
4
What influences resulted in greek and latin words being imported into English?
the Renaissance
Which document made English the official language of legal proceedings in England?
the Statute of Pleading, 1362
What is the equivalent of a phoneme in written language?
grahpheme
What changed about English in the transition from Old English to Middle English?
elaborate system of cases, genders, and numbers disappeared from articles and adjectives, simplified noun usage, modals became way of referring to future
What is it called when a pidgin continues to develop over time and acquires native speakers?
Creole
What is the concept of Universal Grammar?
a set of principles that apply to all languages and are unconsciously accessible to every human language user; includes fundamental qualities shared by all languages
Morphology, syntax and grammar are a part of what in a language?
Grammar
Section 2
(20 cards)