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Competition

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Section 1

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Coexistence

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Competition Prep

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6 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (36)

Section 1

(36 cards)

Coexistence

Front

Two species coexist, but one is favored over the other

Back

Niche partitioning

Front

Lots of different lineages need resource, but no morphological change occurs, just the change in getting the resource

Back

Diffuse

Front

Many species are involved in the interaction

Back

Other factors that influence the outcome of competition

Front

-Conditions of the environment -Resource shifting can change outcomes -Seasonality of resource -Temperature -Salinity

Back

For the resource ratio model

Front

THE ONE BELOW IS THE WINNER. - The problem with the model -Only two resources considered -No life history component -There is no spatial aspect to the model (only resource level) -The model requires the establishment of equilibrium-no allowance for disturbance of disequilibrium

Back

Mutualism

Front

Positive, Positive (+,+)

Back

Two different species of Anolis that live on different continents eat prey of about the same size. When the two species are introduced together to one island, one species became significantly large with time and one species decreased somewhat in size. This is best described as a case of?

Front

Character Displacement

Back

Comeptition

Front

negative, negative (-,-)

Back

Environmental heterogeneity

Front

a patchy environment will result in unused space after the initial colonizers have come. Later colonizers have niches appropriate to establish (or use) the unoccupied space.

Back

Predation/Parasitism/Herbivory

Front

Negative, Positive (-,+)

Back

Spatial, Temporal, Dietary

Front

Spatial- Using the same resource at different places, example birds eatting ants on the same tree but at different locations Temporal- Use the same resource but at different times Dietary- Different resources in the same area. Grassland there is grass but there's a lot of non-grass plants, so you have two large herbivores, and one is eating grass while the other is eating non grass plants

Back

The Lotka-Volterra is based on the

Front

Pearl-Reed differential logistic equation

Back

Indirect

Front

Competition through a shared resource

Back

How can you solve the end points of the nullcline?

Front

If N2=0 then N1=K1 If N1=0 then N2=K1/alpha

Back

Diatom Experiment

Front

- DAVID TILMAN -In indirect competiton whichever can tolerate the lowest resource is going to win - When grown alone in a liquid medium to which silica was continually added, both species kept silica at a low level because they used it to form cell walls. However, when grown together, the use of silica by S. ulna reduced the concentration to a level below that necessary for A. formosa to survive and reproduce. By reducing resource availability, S. ulna drove A. formosa to extinction. -can coexist where the population of each is limited by a different nutrient.

Back

Connell's barnacles

Front

Experiment 1: Connell removed Chthamalus from the upper area, and no Balanus replaced it. Inference: Balanus could not survive in an area that experienced so much desiccation (due to low tides). Conclusion: Balanus's realized niche was the same as its fundamental niche. Experiment 2: Connell removed Balanus from the lower area and Chthamalus replaced it. Inference: Balanus was a more successful competitor in the lower intertidal zone. Conclusion: the fundamental niche and realized niche for Chthamalus were not the same—its realized niche was smaller due to interspecific competition. Conclusion: competition occurs in nature and can explain the distinction between a fundamental niche and a realized niche.

Back

The Resource Ratio Model

Front

-David Tilman working with diatoms -Each species will draw down resources until a stable state is reached with the highest density allowable (K) with minimal resources. -R=the amount of resource left at maximum population stability and minimum resources -Those species that have low R have high competitive ability

Back

Amensalism

Front

Negative, Neutral (-, 0)

Back

Comennsalism

Front

Positive,Neutral (+,0)

Back

When above the line? When below the line? nullcline=line

Front

When above the line its decreasing and going down When below the line its increasing and going up ITS ALWAYS GOING TO THE K (OR N) WHATEVER LINE IS ON TOP WILL GENERALLY WIN FOR COMPETITION.

Back

Definition of Interspecific

Front

Negative interactions between two species

Back

Apparent

Front

Indirect competition in which intermediate is another species

Back

Competitive exclusion

Front

one species is excluded from the site

Back

Competitive exclusion

Front

Two species using the same resources results in one going extinct. The competitive exclusion principle states that if two species with identical niches compete, then one will inevitably drive the other to extinction.

Back

What does K1-N1-alphaN2=0 define?

Front

a straight line "nullcline"

Back

Two birds compete in the forest for the same seeds. If alpha= 0.85 and beta=0.15, then (assuming the same carrying capacity for both)

Front

Species 2 "wins" and will outcompete species 1

Back

A strangler fig is a species that germinates upon another tree. Then it grows and eventually completely smothers the other tree and makes its space in the forest. What type of competition would this represent?

Front

Direct Competition

Back

Flour Beetle Experiment

Front

-THOMAS PARK -The winner depended how ever much of each he put in there -same number= coexist -Dependent on how it starts -The outcome of competition between the two beetles depended on the environmental temperature, humidity, and fluctuations in the total number of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults.

Back

Resource ratio

Front

One species reduces the resources below the tolerances of another species (David Tilman)

Back

Direct

Front

Contest among individuals (physical fighting)

Back

What is a Niche

Front

The range of resources needed and environmental tolerances under which a species can survive and reproduce. A niche is multidimenshional Interactions with other species can alter their niche space(niche overlap)

Back

Which of the following would be the best describe the interaction between the red tide (large dinoflagelate population) and the death of fish ? Compeitition Mutualism Commenalism Amensalism Parasitim

Front

Amensalism

Back

Resource preemption

Front

one species gets the resource before the other species can get them (J Philip Grime)

Back

Under which conditions could competitive exclusion occur?

Front

Two species compete for the same resource and one species has a higher resource use efficiency. In asymmetric competition when the effect of one species (alphaN2) is significantly greater than the effect of the other(betaN1).

Back

Definition of Intraspecific

Front

Competition among individuals within on species;

Back

Character Displacement

Front

If you have a singular lineage that come to one place and there's one resource that they're using and they're going to compete with each other for that resource. Their individual characteristic will change to get them high fitness. THERE WILL BE A CHANGE MORPHOLOGICAL(Y).

Back