Section 1
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metabolism
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Section 1
(50 cards)
metabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life
mitochondrion
carries out cellular respiration; rod-shaped organelle that makes energy for the cell to function with; converts the energy stored in food to energy the cell can use (ATP); "powerhouse" of cell
microtubule
straight, hollow tubes used for transportation; composed of globular proteins
theory
An assumption based on limited information or something that hasn't yet been proved
Golgi apparatus
packages proteins from the ER and materials and sends them to other parts of the cell
why are cells so small?
smaller cells have more surface area across which to pass oxygen, nutrients and waste materials
heredity
The genetic transmission of characteristics from parent to offspring.
nucleolus
nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells; makes rRNA to form the subunits of ribosomes, which then exit to the cytoplasm
conclusion
The final ending or idea of a process
Biology
The study of living organisms and how they function.
flagella
a projection from a prokaryotic cell that propels it through its liquid environment
microfilament
actin filaments; solid rods of globular proteins
plasma membrane
forms a flexible boundary between the living cell and its surroundings; made if phospholipids
cilia
the appendages that propel certain cells
cytosol
part of cytoplasm not held by an organelle
plasmodesma
Scientific question
Questions that can be answered by using experiments and factual reasoning.
ribosomes
small grain-shaped organelle that produces proteins
multicellular
made of many cells
prediction
A statement about the hypothesis
cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; found in animal cells
inference
A conclusion made up of facts and inferring knowledge.
constants
something thats unchanging
cell theory
all living things are composed of cells and all cells come from other cells
nucleus
oval-shaped organelle that contains DNA and controls much of the cell's activities by directing protein synthesis
experimental design
Experimental design refers to how participants are allocated to the different conditions (or IV groups) in an experiment.
cell wall
rigid layer surrounding the cells of plants
cytoplasm
the thick fluid region of a cell inside the membrane or next to the nucleus
cytoskeleton
networks of protein fibers that extend through the cell
prokaryote
plant, bacteria or archea cell
Scientific Method
A method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.
qualitative observations
detailed examination with your senses only
homeostasis
Balancing human or any living organisms
chloroplast
green structure that captures energy from sunlight and changes it to energy that cells can use in making food.
vacuole
sac-like organelle that holds water, food and organisms; can also store waste products until removed
Hypothesis
1st part of the scientific method
extracellular matrix
helps hold cells together in tissues and protects and supports the plasma membrane. Made up of glycoproteins (proteins bonded with carbohydrates)
quantitative observations
measuring something with numbers
unicellular
single-celled organism
centriole
small set of microtubules arranged in a specific way
eukaryote
animal cell with nucleus
Organelles
tiny structures within the cell that carry out specific functions
phospholipid bilayer
thin membrane of lipid molecules
chromatin
complex of DNA and proteins that form within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; directs the cells' functions
Smooth ER
network or tubular membranes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a smooth surface; functions in a variety of different metabolic processes such as synthesis of lipids, oils, phospholipid and steroids; process drugs, alcohol, and store calcium ions
lysosome
membrane-enclosed sac of digestive enzymes; contains chemicals that break down bigger food particles so they can be used in the cell; also break down used cell parts. The cell's "recycling center".
observation
The process of studying of something to gain information.
variable
factors that are kept constant or unchanging.
Rough ER
network of tubular membanes within the cytoplasm of the cell with a rough surface (ribosomes are attached to it); helps the ribosomes make proteins, such as insulin
extrapolation
To or estimate by expanding know information
Section 2
(50 cards)
Chloroplast
In what organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis occur?
Osmosis
The spontaneous movement of molecules through a semi-permeable membrane in order to create equilibrium.
W) wing of a bat and the arm of a human
Which of the following are homologous structures: W) wing of a bat and the arm of a human X) leg of a cat and the wing of a fly Y) stinger of a bee and the fang of a snake Z) rattler of a rattle snake and the whistle of a song bird
cellular metabolism
chemical activities of cells
Mollusks
Slimy animals, no skin or vertebra & no shells.
where are ribosomes found?
free-floating in the cytosol, or bound to the rough ER or the nuclear envelope
Animal Cell
What type of cell is this?
Molecules
Many cells working together.
Worms
No vertebra, ears or eyes live underground & slimy.
vesicle
sacs made of membranes
what makes up the endomembrane system?
nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles and the plasma membrane.
Body Systems
Sets of organs in our bodies that do the work to keep us healthy and alive.
mRNA
messenger RNA that direct protein synthesis
Species
In the taxonomical name Homo sapiens, what taxonomical rank does 'sapiens' represent?
Plants
Plant Cell
What type of cell is this?
chloroplasts
A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food. main function of chloroplasts is to produce food (glucose) Chloroplasts contain the pigment, chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs most of the colors in the color spectrum, and reflects only green and yellow wavelengths of light. This is why we see leaves as green or yellow - because these colors are reflected into our eyes.
Kingdoms
Classifications of Living things.
Crustaceans
Shells soft bodies, no vertebra &Hard shells.
nuclear envelope
double membrane enclosing the nucleus; controls the flow of materials in and out of the nucleus
endomembrane system
A system of membranes that are specific to a eukaryotic cell. Some are physically connected, while others link when vesicles transfer membrane segments between them.
Amphibians
Mostly water animals but can live on land, smooth or rough scaly skin, lay eggs & may have lungs.
Nucleus
What organelle functions to isolate a human cell's chromosomes from the cytoplasm?
Marsupials
Mammals but with baby pouch on outside of bodies.
photosynthesis
Conversion of light energy from the sun into chemical energy. products of photosynthesis are glucose and oxygen
Birds
May or may not fly, with vertebra, lay eggs, have feathers
ATP
Adenine Triphosphate - main energy source for cellular work
Reptiles
Land & water animals, no vertebra, most lay eggs some have babies, smooth or rough scaly skin, no legs or arms.
Cell
What is the basic unit of life?
Atom
Tiniest part of all living and non-living things.
Y) glucose
Which of the following is the most common source of energy for brain cells in humans: W) nucleic acids X) proteins Y) glucose Z) pectins
Arthropods
Hard body sections & no vertebra.
Mammals
Living things with vertebra, hair or fur, gives birth to babies, feed the babies milk form their bodies & warm blooded.
Organs
Made of thousands of cells, connected by several body systems to do work to keep our bodies healthy & alive.
cells
Small part of all living things.
Photosynthesis
It is generally believed that most of the oxygen in the air on Earth today came from what general biological process:
DNA
What is the most common term for the biological polymer found in chromosomes that stores genetic information?
Fish
Gills & fins, cold blooded.
Z) ovary
In which of the following places would meiosis (cell division) most likely occur in a mammal: W) skin X) liver Y) heart Z) ovary
Arachnids
8 Legs, no vertebra, may have wings, lay eggs.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?
processes, warehouses and ships (outside and inside cell) ER products
W) have no known function in their present owners
Vestigial structures: W) have no known function in their present owners X) function in an analogous fashion in species Y) evolve homologously until functional Z) control nervous system functions
Nucleus
These structures are located inside of a cell's...
glucose
another name for sugar C6H12O6 three things used for making glucose are sunlight water and carbon dioxide used for energy and growth
X) cell wall
Which of the following is NOT a structure found in human cells: W) mitochondrion X) cell wall Y) lysosome Z) peroxisome
Insects
2 - 6 Legs, no vertebra, lay eggs, many eyes.
stroma
thylakoids
photosynthesis equation(very important)
6CO2 + 6H2O --> light energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Jellies
Have long electric tentacles, soft bodies & no vertebra.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Exponential growth
Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population.
Steady state
A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born.
Prokaryotic cell
A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Anaerobic organism
An organism that does not require oxygen.
Scientific law
A theory that has been tested by and is consistent with generations of data.
Consumers
Organisms that eat living producers and/or other consumers for food.
Herbivores
Organisms that eat only plants.
Aerobic organism
An organism that requires oxygen.
Carnivores
Organisms that eat only organisms other than plants.
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
Producers
Organisms that produce their own food.
Asexual reproduction
Reproduction accomplished by a single organism.
Theory
A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data.
sunlight
main source of energy
Eukaryotic cell
A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.
Omnivores
Organisms that eat both plants and other organisms.
Mutation
An abrupt and marked change in the DNA of an organism compared to that of its parents
Microorganisms
Living creatures that are too small to see with the naked eye.
cell
Receptors
Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.
Pellicle
A firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane.
Conjugation
A temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer.
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA.
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell.
ATP
(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work the energy is stored in ATP until it is released by the reactions remove a phosphate from ATP a simple way of remembering it is just that it's just energy
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits.
Binomial nomenclature
Naming an organism with its genus and species name.
mitochondria
An organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur.
Catabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks.
Hypothesis
An educated guess that attempts to explain an observation or answer a question.
Heterotrophs
Organisms that depend on other organisms for their food.
Inheritance
The process by which physical and biological characteristics are transmitted from the parent (or parents) to the offspring.
Endospore
The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers.
Pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
Flagellate
A protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum.
Parasite
An organism that feeds on a living host.
Autotrophs
Organisms that are able to make their own food.
Species
A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis.
Pseudopod
A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants and some other organisms use the energy of sunlight and simple chemicals to produce their own food.
Taxonomy
The science of classifying organisms.
Anabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.
Metabolism
The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism's life functions.
cellular respiration
C6H1206->CO2 + H20+ ENERGY (released) goal is to create ATP occurs in all living things
Strains
Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits.
Sexual reproduction
Reproduction that requires two organisms
Logistic growth
Population growth that is controlled by limited resources.
Decomposers
Organisms that break down the dead remains of other organisms.
Section 4
(50 cards)
Cell Wall
A rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.
Reproduction
Producing more cells.
Phytoplankton
Tiny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae.
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in specific molecules.
Molecules
Chemicals that result from atoms linking together.
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself.
Zygote
The result of sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring.
Model
An explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen.
Membrane
A thin covering of tissue.
Osmosis
The tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration.
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water.
Cilia
Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion.
Biosynthesis
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules from smaller ones.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides.
Secretion
The release of biosynthesized substances.
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa.
Aerial hypha
A hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows.
Dehydration reaction
A chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water.
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula.
Diffusion
The random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Hypha
A filament of fungal cells.
Homeostasis
Maintaining stable internal conditions
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water.
Sessile colony
A colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object.
Mutualism
A relationship between two or more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association.
Organic Molecule
A molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous.
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water.
Peptide bond
A bond that links amino acids together in a protein.
Saturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Catalyst
A substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process.
Element
A collection of atoms that all have the same number of protons.
Extracellular digestion
Digestion that takes place outside of the cell.
Semipermeable membrane
A membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.
Respiration
The breakdown of food molecules with a release of energy.
Spore
A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating.
Monosaccharides
Simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms.
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited.
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food.
Rhizoid hypha
A hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows.
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed.
Cytology
The study of cells.
Polysaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides.
Concentration
A measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent.
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
Excretion
The removal of soluble waste materials.
Unsaturated fat
A lipid made from fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms.
Cellulose
A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms.
Fermentation
The anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules.
Chitin
A chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility.
Atoms
The basic building blocks of matter.
Section 5
(50 cards)
Chromatin
Clusters of DNA, RNA, and proteins in the nucleus of a cell.
Genetic factors
The general guideline of traits determined by a person's DNA.
Haploid number (n)
the number of homologous pairs in a diploid cell.
Mother cell
A cell ready to begin reproduction, containing duplicated DNA and centrioles.
Karyotype
The figure produced when the chomosomes of species during metaphase are arranged according to their homologous pairs.
Interphase
The time interval between cellular reproduction.
Gametes
Haploid cells (n) produced by diploid cells (2n) for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
Cytoplasmic streaming
The motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cell's contents.
Gene
A section of DNA that codes for the production of a protein of a portion of protein, thereby causing a trait.
Passive transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane according to the dictates of osmosis or diffusion.
Microtubules
Spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.
Messenger RNA
The RNA that performs transcription.
DNA
Deoxyriboneucleic acid found mainly in the nucleus
Virus
A non-cellular infectious agent that has two characteristics: (1) It has genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protective protein coat. (2) It cannot reproduce on its own.
Plasma membrane
The semipermeable membrane between the contents and either the cell wall or the cell's surroundings.
Waste vacuoles
Vacuoles that contain the wast products of digestion.
Microfilaments
Fine, threadlike proteins found in a cell's cytoskeleton.
Genetics
The science that studies how characteristics get passed from parent to offspring.
Anticodon
A three-nucleotide base sequence on tRNA.
Ions
Substances in which at least one atom has an imbalance of protons and electrons.
Antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents.
Lysosome
The organelle in animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, polysaccharides, disaccharides, and some lipids.
Active transport
Movement of molecules through the plasma membrane (typically opposite the dictates of osmosis or diffusion) aided by a process that requires energy.
Chromosome
DNA coiled around and supported by proteins, found in the nucleus of the cell.
Nuclear membrane
A highly-porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
Phagocytosis
The process by which a cell engulfs foreign substances or other cells.
Vaccine
A weakened or inactive version of a pathogen that stimulates the body's production of antibodies which can aid in destroying the pathogen.
Smooth ER
ER that has no ribosomes.
Activation energy
Energy necessary to get a chemical reaction going.
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in eukaryotic cells.
Hypotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.
Hypertonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution.
Isotonic solution
A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in a solution.
Codon
A sequence of three nucleotide bases on mRNA that refers to a specific amino acid.
Diploid cell
A cell with chromosomes that come in homologous pairs.
Centromere
The region that joins two sister chromatids.
Central vacuole
A large vacuole that rests at the center of most plant cells and is filled with a solution that contains a high concentration of solutes.
Plasmolysis
Collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to a lack of water.
Rough ER
ER that is dotted with ribosomes.
Intermediate filaments
Threadlike proteins in the cell's cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as thick as microfilaments.
Ribosomes
Non-membrane-bounded organelles responsible fore protein synthesis.
Golgi bodies
The organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.
Mitochondria
The organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.
Meiosis
The process by which a diploid (2n) cell forms gametes (n).
Haploid cell
A cell that has only one representative of each chromosome pair.
Diploid number (2n)
The total number of chromosomes in a diploid cell.
Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.
Phospholipid
A lipid in which one of the fatty acid molecules has been replaced by a molecule that contains a phosphate group.
Section 6
(50 cards)
proteins
monomers of amino acid chains
BACTERIA
Bacteria are living cells and can multiply rapidly. Once inside the body, they release poisons or toxins that make us feel ill. BACTERIA GET IN BETWEEN CELLS
carbon dating
used to tell the age of organic materials.
sexual reproduction
2 parents male and female
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence
Theory of Use and Disuse
organs not in use will disappear while organs in use will develop.
ecology
the branch of biology that studies the interactions of organisms with one another and with nonliving parts of their environment
DISEASES CAUSED BY BACTERIA
food poisoning, Cholera, typhoid, whooping cough, gonorrhoea - a sexually transmitted disease
Chromosomes
made up of DNA and proteins
divergent evolution
splitting of an ancestral population into two or more subpopulations that are geographically isolated from one another.
replication
double the chromosomes
egg cell
also called ovum; female gamete
Translation
uses the codons in mRNA to make a specific amino acid
radiometric dating
a method used to determine the age of rocks using the decay of radioactive isotopes present in rocks.
fertilization
a process that occurs when the sperm and egg combine to produce an embryo
VIRUSES
Viruses can only reproduce inside host cells, and they damage the cell when they do this VIRUSES GET INTO CELL
WHAT ARE BODY'S DEFENSE MECHANISMS?
SKIN, STOMACH ACID, EYELASHES, TEARS, COUGH
Theory of Evolution
states that evolutionary change comes through the production of variation in each generation and differential survival of individuals with different combinations of these variable characters.
asexual reproduction
1 parent
PATHOGEN
MICROORGANISM THAT CAUSES ILLNESS OR DISEASE
Recombinant DNA
A form of DNA produced by combining two genetic material from two or more different sources by means of genetic engineering
CONTROL VARIABLE
VARIABLES THAT REMAIN CONSTANT OR UNCHANGED
genetic code
set of rules that specify to the codons in DNA or RNA that corresponds to the amino acids in proteins
convergence
is an increase similarities among species derived from different ancestors as a result of similar adaptation to similar environment.
analogous structure
have similar functions but different origin
INDEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU CHOOSE VALUES FOR- ON Y AXIS
convergent evolution
analogous structure of unrelated organisms from different ancestors develop similar function such as butterfly wings and bird wings.
mitosis, meiosis
body cell reproduction and sex cell reproduction
Transcription
process of copying DNA sequence into RNA
homeostasis
state reaches when each part of the body functions in equilibrium with other parts.
Variation
differences in traits of organisms in a population
accessory pigments
energy absorbing plant pigments other than chlorophyll
rRNA
ribosomal rna, hold tightly to the mRNA and use its information to assemble amino acids
codon
each set of three nitrogenous bases in mRNA representing an amino acid or start/stop signal
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
WHAT YOU MEASURE- ON Y AXIS
anticodon
the complement of mRNA; triplet code on the tRNA
Translation
process of converting information in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein
nucleotides
neuclic acid base pairs
homologous structure
perform different functions in the species living in the different environment, or it may gave the same origin but different functions
metabolism
all chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.
chromosomal mutations
changes in the chromosomes where parts of the chromosomes are broken and lost during mitosis
nitrogenous base
is a carbon ring structure that contains one or more atoms of nitrogen. In DNA, Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine.
DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUSES
influenza - flu, colds, Measles, mumps, rubella, chicken pox, AIDS
tRNA
transfer RNA, a type of RNA that attach the correct amino acid to the protein chain that is being synthesized in the ribosomes.
amino acids
the building blocks of protein
Transcription
process of forming a neucleic acid using a template
mRNA
messenger RNA, brings information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm
embryo
an organism in its early stages of development, especially before it has reaches a distinctively recognizable form.
RNA
receives instructions from DNA
genes
segment of dna that codes for a specific trait
Section 7
(28 cards)