Section 1
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Evolution
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Section 1
(49 cards)
Evolution
Change in a kind of organism over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.
Homologous Structures
Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
Camouflage
Many animals have evolved to exhibit some form of camouflage, which is an adaptation that allows animals to blend in with certain aspects of their environment.
Reproductive Isolating Mechanism
Any barrier that prevents genetic exchange between species
Speciation
A process typically caused by the genetic isolation from a main population resulting in a new genetically distinct species.
Molecular Similarities (biochemistry)
Similar species have the most in common in the DNA, RNA, and/or proteins within the body.
Artificial Selection
Selection by humans for breeding of useful traits from the natural variation among different organisms
Species Richness
TOTAL number of species within a community
Survival of the Fittest
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection
Derived traits
Traits that are not shared between the new species and the ancestors they evolved from.
tertiary consumer
an organism that eats secondary consumers as well as organic material; the top level of the energy pyramid
Habitat Fragmentation
Progressive destruction of habitat that results in isolated ecological lands -Loss of interior habitat -Increase in proportion of edge -Favors opportunistic species (invasive)
Natural Selection
A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits.
biomes
A group of ecosystems with similar climates and organisms.
energy pyramid
a triangular diagram that shows an ecosystem's loss of energy from one feeding level to another in a food web.
food chain
the pathway of energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms or a series of events in which one organism eats another.
Genetic Drift
A change in the allele frequency of a population as a result of chance events rather than natural selection.
Sexual Selection
An evolutionary mechanism by which traits that increase the ability of individuals to attract or acquire mates appear with increasing frequency in a population; selection in which a mate is chosen on the basis of a particular trait or traits
Ecological Islands Impacts
Reduces Populations of native species Reduces Biotic potential
Adaptation
A characteristic that improves an individual's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
Allopatric Speciation
The formation of a new species as a result of an ancestral population's becoming isolated by a geographic barrier.
Ecological Islands
tiny islands/patches of natural habitat amidst crops, pasture, towns, etc.
Punctuated Equilibrium
A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that species are generally stable over long periods of time. Occasionally there are rapid changes that affect some species which can quickly result in a new species.
Species Evenness
relative ABUNDANCE of individuals within each species
secondary consumer
an organism that eats primary consumers; second level of the energy pyramid
Antibiotic resistance
When medication is used on microorganisms (viruses or bacteria) the ones that are resistant to the medicine survive. Then, the surviving organisms go on and reproduce and the next generation are resistant to the medicine and humans need to develop a new medicine for that generation.
primary consumer
organism that eats organic matter, producers, or the bottom level of the energy pyramid
Geographic distribution
the natural arrangement and locations of the various forms of animals and plants in the different regions and localities of the earth.
Species Diversity
the NUMBER of different kinds of organisms within individual communities or ecosystems
Charles Darwin
English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
Mimicry
Ability of an animal to look like another more harmful animal
Embryology
imilarity in the appearance of embryos from different animal species
Ancestral traits
Traits that are shared in the new species as well as the ancestors they evolved from.
symbiosis
a relationship in which two different organisms live in close association with each other.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
The principle that frequencies of alleles and genotypes in a population remain constant from generation to generation, provided that only Mendelian segregation and recombination of alleles are at work. p2 +2pq+q2=1 (2's are exponents so p squared plus 2 times p times q plus q squared = the entire population) p represents the frequency of the dominant allele and q represents the frequency of the recessive allele) Assumptions - there is no genetic drifts, its a closed population (no emmigration or immigration), random mating, and no natural selection)
Sympatric Speciation
The formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population. No geographic barrier is present.
Gradualism
A proposed explanation in evolutionary biology stating that new species arise from the result of slight modifications (mutations and resulting phenotypic changes) over many generations.
Biodiversity
The genetic, species, and ecological diversity of the organisms in a given area.
Vestigial Structures
A structure that is present in an organism but no longer serves its original purpose
Fossil evidence
The fossil record provides snapshots of the past that, when assembled, illustrate a panorama of evolutionary change over the past four billion years. The picture may be smudged in places and may have bits missing, but fossil evidence clearly shows that life is old and has changed over time.
Adaptive Radiation
An evolutionary pattern in which many species evolve from a single ancestral species
decomposer
an organism that gets energy from breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients
food web
a diagram of overlapping food chains that show the feeding relationships between organisms in an ecosystem.
Genetic Diversity
a measure of the VARIETY of different versions of the same genes within individual species
Ecological Diversity
the RICHNESS and COMPLEXITY of community includes the number of niches and food webs
Invasive Species
Non-native to the ecosystem whose introduction will cause or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health
Habitat Destruction
The loss of a natural habitat
Extinction
the elimination of species
Analagous Structures
Similar function but different structure - does not show common ancestry - Ex: butterfly wing and bat wing)
3 types of diversity
Genetic, Species, and Ecological
Section 2
(50 cards)
Lacey Act
Forbids interstate commerce in illegally killed wildlife. Led to establishing wildlife refuges to protect breeding grounds of migrating birds.
carrying capacity
the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water
Pedicel
The stalk supporting the flower
Pesticides Types
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (nerve toxins) Organic Phosphates (nerve toxins) Carbamates (nerve toxins)
secondary succession
process started by an event that reduces an already established ecosystem
taxes
A behavioral response of a cell or an organism to an external stimulus
migration
is the long-distance movement of individual animals, usually on a seasonal basis
Generalist Species
Occupy a broad range of habitats and eat a number of different foods.
factors that affect transpiration
light, temperature, humidity, wind, soil water
primary succession
occurring in an environment in which new substrate devoid of vegetation and other organisms usually lacking soil
habitat
the natural home or environment of an animal plant, or other organism.
Mutualism
Both organisms benefit
What do omnivores eat?
feed on both plants and animals
Symbiosis
An ecological relationship between two different species
What do scavengers eat?
dead animals
primary consumers
herbivores, feeding on plants
What did Carolus Linneaus contribute to science?
He developed a 7-level classification system nd devised the binomial nomenclature
secondary consumers
carnivores, and prey on other animals
heterotroph
An organism that cannot make its own food; must ingest food
Keystone Species
has major effects on ecological functions and whose elimination would affect many other species
how do humans impact the environment
global warming, environmental degradation, mass extinction
Order of the taxonomic groups
kingdom, phylum or division, class, order, family, genus, species
abiotic factors
Non-living parts of an ecosystem
What do carnivores eat?
meats
biennial life span
a flowering plant that takes two years to complete its biological lifecycle
water cycle
Water continuously moves between the oceans, the atmosphere and land, sometimes passing through living things on the way. Water is split apart during photosynthesis to form Oxygen gas, Hydrogen and electrons. Water is put together during aerobic respiration from inhaled Oxygen gas and Hydrogen and electrons from the Electron Transport Chain. Water enters the atmosphere as water vapor (a gas) when it evaporates from bodies of water or from living things. Plants are an important component of the water cycle as they can take up water trapped deep in the earth and have it evaporate from the surface of their leaves. Wind can transport water vapor over large distances and as the water vapor cools it can fall as precipitation, thus bringing new water to new locations.
nitrogen cycle
All organisms require Nitrogen, which is used to make Amino Acids (monomers of Proteins) and Nucleotides (monomers of Nucleic Acids). • Nitrogen occurs in many different forms in the biosphere: ◦ Nitrogen gas (N2) makes up 78% of the Earth's atmosphere ◦ Ammonia (NH3), Nitrate (NO3) and Nitrite (NO2) are found in soil as wastes produced by many organisms. • Even though most of the Nitrogen on Earth is in the form of Nitrogen gas, very few organisms (called Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria) can access Nitrogen in that form. ◦ In order for Nitrogen in the form of Nitrogen gas to be available to other organisms, these Nitrogen-Fixing Bacteria must first convert Nitrogen Gas into Ammonia. ◦ The Ammonia is then converted via Nitrification into Nitrites and Nitrates which can be utilized by a much wider range of organisms to make amino acids and nucleotides. ◦ Nitrates can be converted into Nitrogen Gas via Denitrification. • Humans add nitrogen to the biosphere through the manufacture and use of fertilizers. • Lightning is also able to convert Nitrogen gas into other forms via a process called Atmospheric
Specialist Species
Organisms that have narrow requirements for survival and reproduction.
innate behavior
doing these just instinctly without thinking about it
Parasitism
One organism benefits and the other is harmed
Commensalism
One organism benefits and the other is not affected
Phagotrophic heterotroph
Ingest, then digest food
social behaviors
behavior among two or more organisms, typically from the same species
autotroph
An organism that can make its own food
Pollution
Release of harmful materials into the environment
how does photosynthesis relate to carbon cycle
Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis
hibernation
A state of inactivity and metabolic depression in animals during winter
climax community
the final stage of succession, remaining relatively unchanged until destroyed by an event such as fire or human interference
biotic factors
Living parts of an ecosystem
learned behavior
acquired changes in behavior during one's lifetime
what do decomposers eat?
dead plants and animals
how does cell respiration relate to carbon cycle
Cellular respiration releases carbon dioxide, which is used in photosynthesis. Photosynthesis in turn releases oxygen used in respiration
HIPPO
H- Habitat Destruction I- Invasive Species P- Pollution P- Population O- Overharvesting
Saprotroph
An organism that lives off of dead material; a decomposer
stomata
Small pores found typically on the underside of leaves
Absorptive heterotroph
Digest, then ingest food
structure and function of xylem and phloem
Xylem: Transports water & minerals from roots to leaves Phloem: Transports glucose from leaves to roots
relationship of organisms species populations communities ecosystems
A community includes populations of organisms of different species, ecosystems include more than a community of living organisms interacting with the environment
What do herbivores eat?
plants
estivation
a state of animal dormancy, similar to hibernation
Section 3
(50 cards)
Petals
To attract insects
Selective Breeding
The process of selecting a few organisms with desired traits to serve as parents of the next generation
Stamen
Male part of the flower
Incomplete Dominance
Situation in which one allele is not completely dominant over another allele
Genetics
The scientific study of heredity
Environmental Factors
Those "non biological" factors that are involved in a person's surroundings such as the nature of the person's parents, the person's friends, and the person's behavioral choices.
Purebred
An offspring of many generations that have the same form of a trait.
Homozygous Recessive
Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and recessive (aa)
what factors influence human birth and death rates
the environment: food, disease, rainfall, floods, temperature
Heterozygous
two different alleles for a given trait. also known as hybrid. (Aa)
Gene
A heredity unit that codes for a trait
Phenotype
physical characteristics of an organism
carpel
The female part of the plant
ovule
Houses the egg, which once fertilized becomes the seed
Gregor Mendel
Father of genetics
style
Stalk that supports the stigma
Punnett Square
A chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from a genetic cross
Harmful Mutation
is a mutation that decreases the fitness of the organism.
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits
Heredity
Passing of traits from parents to offspring
stigma
The top part which collects pollen
Hybrid
Offspring of crosses between parents with different traits
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait. (AA)
Genetic Mutation
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
Genetic Engineering
Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
Genetically Modified Organisms
crops that carry new traits that have been inserted through advanced genetic engineering methods
Acquired Trait
A trait that is not in your genes but is picked up from environmental factors.
Gamete
sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell
Somatic Cell
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells.
filament
slender stalk that supports the anther
Dominant
The gene that is expressed whenever it is present. It is always capital (A)
Nucleus
Control center of the cell
homozygous dominant
Both alleles (factors) for a trait are the same and dominant (AA)
Zygote
fertilized egg
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Anther
Pollen producing structure
Reccessive
The gene that is "hidden" . it is not expresses unless a homozygous condition exists for the gene. it is always expressed with a lowercase letter (a)
Beneficial Mutation
any change to the genetic code that results in noticeable physiological changes that are of benefit to the organism
Inherited Traits
traits that are passed from parents to their offspring
Sepals
Green bud covering which protects the flower
Codominance
A condition in which neither of two alleles of a gene is dominant or recessive.
Genotype
genetic makeup of an organism
Nucleotides
the four chemical bases that make up the core portion of DNA (adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine)
Allele
Different forms of a gene
what happens to energy as it moves through the food chain
about 90% of the energy is lost in the form of heat: as you move up the food chain, there is less energy available
Trait
A characteristic of an organism
Receptacle
Where the flower is attached to
ovary
The base, which contains the ovules
Probability
likelihood that a particular event will occur
ultimate source of energy for all food webs?
sun
Section 4
(50 cards)
Purines
nitrogenous bases that have double rings of carbon and nitrogen
number of naturally occurring amino acids.
21
nucleotides
building blocks of nucleic acids.
photo 51
X-ray photograph proving that DNA had a helical shape.
Uracil
nucleotide that is part of RNA, but not DNA
Cell division
The formation of two new daughter cells from an existing cell
amino acids
building blocks of proteins.
protein
also called a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids held together be peptide bonds. Its function is determined by its shape.
what does mRNA do in translation?
carries recipe for making the protein. Read using ribosomes and tRNA to make polypeptides
mutation
any change in the DNA sequence. Can be good, bad or have no effect.
what is dna
phosphate sugar backbone, T goes with A, G goes with C. hydrogen bonds between TA and GC. DOUBLE HELIX
Prophase
First step of mitosis; Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms
Daughter cell
New cells produced by cell division
Rosalind Franklin
discovered the picture of DNA through x-ray diffraction, determined that DNA was helical
Backbone of DNA
covalently bonded sugars and phosphates
Pyrimidines
nitrogenous bases that have single rings of carbon and nitrogen
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
Metaphase
Second step of mitosis; Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
gene
segment of DNA that code for a trait by directing the production of proteins.
DNA polymerase
enzyme that makes new half strand. Can only copy strands in 5' to 3' direction. Adds nucelotides into DNA strand, DOES THE COPYING
AUG
The first mRNA codon to specify an amino acid is always ___
Telophase
Fourth step of mitosis; Nuclear membrane reforms
RNA contains which bases?
adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
mRNA
contains genetic code for a protein
Chargaff
Discovered samples of DNA had amounts of G & C that were always the same as well as amounts of A & T.
Why do cells divide?
growth, repair, reproduction
transcription
the process of synthesizing RNA by using one strand of a DNA molecule as a template
Anaphase
Third step of mitosis; Sister chromatids separate
what happens in translation?
part of protein synthesis. Ribosome reads the mRNA and turns it into protein using rRNA and tRNA.
phospho-diester
Bond found along the DNA backbone. Can bond any 2 nucleotides together.
complimentary strand
The opposite strand of nucleotides that form according to base pairing rules.
translation
Process in which mRNA attaches to the ribosome and a protein is assembled
The second step of protein synthesis
translation
Cell Cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
Interphase
period of the cell cycle between cell divisions (G1, S, G2)
Chromatid
One half of a duplicated chromosome
Number of strands in a typical DNA molecule.
2
anticodon
tRNA's bind during translation by the ____
hydrogen bonds
Weak bonds between the two strands of DNA. Specific to certain nucleotides.
tRNA
The anticodon is at the bottom and the amino acid is carried at the top.
The first step of protein synthesis - occurs in the nucleus
transcription
Deoxyribose
sugar found only in DNA nucleotides
number of codon nucleotide sequences.
64
rungs of DNA ladder
nitrogenous bases hydrogen bonded A to T and C to G
RNA polymerase
this is the transcribing enzyme. Reads the DNA in transcription and adds complementary RNA nucelotides to make the mRNA
Centromere
Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
Biomedical Research
basic and applied research aimed at increasing medical knowledge and understanding
codon
found on the mRNA, a sequence of 3 bases that code for a specific amino acid
Mitosis
Division of the nucleus (PMAT); makes 2 identical daughter cells
rRNA
ribosomal RNA. RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein
Section 5
(50 cards)
negative feedback mechanisms
help maintain homeostasis
Engulfing
another form of active transport in which the cell surrounds a particle and forms a vacuole within the cell
order of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
extracellular environment
molecules that occur outside of the cell
Elements
Cannot be broken down into any other simpler substance
desmosomes
do not seal off the intercellular space and are scattered throughout the apposing membrane surfaces important in areas that require resistance to strong mechanical stress.
3 types of junctions between cells
tight junctions desmosomes gap junctions
Which of the following cells is most likely to have the greatest number of mitochondria
muscle cells
The basic function of the golgi apparatus is to
package material formed by the ER (mail system)
Structural Formula
a formula that shows the arrangement of atoms in the molecule of a compound.
filtration
materials move from an area of high pressure to low pressure
transport proteins
membrane proteins that help move substances across a cell membrane- requires energy
endoplasmic reticulum
system of membranes that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins (r) and in the production of lipids (s)
Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
organelles
mini factories with specialized tasks within cells type and amount vary per cell & determine cell function
Intracellular digestion is accomplished by the...
lysosomes
pinocytocis
endocytosis bulk movement of liquids into a cell cell drinking
Molecular Formula
a chemical formula that reports the actual numbers of atoms in one molecule of a compound
malignant
cancerous
positive feedback mechanisms
move the body away from homeostasis
pasive transport
does not require energy, works with concentration gradient
simple diffusion
material move from an area of high concentration to low concentration
cell structure
plasma membrane, nucleus, and various organelles
Proteins
Chains of amino acids,
Cancer
disorder in which some of the body's cells lose the ability to control growth
tight junctions
help to seal off the intercellular space so that materials cannot pass easily between cells
facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated transport process that utilizes an embedded plasma membrane protein to move molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration
anabolism
small molecules combine to create larger molecules
ATP
adenosine triphosphate, main energy source
exocytosis
discharging materials from a cell secretory vesicles formed in the Golgi Apparatus package materials that migrate to the plasma membrane. they fuse with the membrane and release materials to outside of cell
catabolism
large molecules break down into smaller molecules
Diffusion
Movement of molecules/solute from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
S phase
DNA is replicated
A cell under the microscope shows large amounts of rough ER, Golgi apparatuses and secretory vesicles. To which of the following would this cell most likely to be found
mammary gland
G1 phase
stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions
Most of the cell's ATP is made in the
mitochondria
benign
mild, not cancerous
The principal site of protein synthesis occurs on the
ribosomes
cell membrane
defines the limits of the cell embedded proteins selective permeability
receptor-mediated endocytosis
specific receptor proteins bind with specific molecules from the extracellular fluid
The genetic material occurs on specific structures in the nucleus known as
chromosomes
Order of interphase
G1, S, G2
passive transport
the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell- high to low concentration
gap junctions
particularly important in cardiac muscle tissue formed from six proteins, called a connexon, that create a cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells Small molecules and electrical charges are able to travel easily from one cell to another through these channels
G2 phase
cell prepares for division
golgi apparatus
stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
The basic structural and functional unit of the body is
cell
afferent pathway
moving toward the integrating center
efferent pathway
moving away from the integrating center
intracellular environment
molecules and organelles within the cell
Section 6
(50 cards)
Benedict's Solution
Chemical used to test for sugar (turns from blue to orange when heated )
Chlorine
Cl
what do proteins break down into?
amino acids
Monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers
increase validity
1. increase the sample size 2. repeat the experiment
Hydrogen
H
Enzyme
A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing (biological catalyst)
Calcium
Ca
conservation
protecting different organism and resources
Denatured
Change the shape of an enzyme so that it can no longer speed up a reaction.
atomic number
the number of protons in an atom
Sulfur
S
atomic mass
protons + neutrons
covalent bonds
the sharing of valence electrons
meiosis
how sex cells are made, only have 23 chrmosomes
paper chromatography
separating pigments and comparing them to each other
Biuret's Solution
indicator for proteins(turns lavender)
Substrate
A specific reactant acted upon by an enzyme
gamete
sex cell --- sperm for males/egg for females
Carbohydrate
A nutrient made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and that supplies energy; includes sugars and starches
Iodine Solution
A solution used to test for starch (turns from amber to black)
deletion
removing DNA bases
capillary action
the transport of water through small tubes
Nitrogen
N
Potassium
K
biodiversity
many different living organisms in an area
insulin
hormone made by the pancreas to lower blood sugar (glucose) levels
decomposers
break down dead organisms so they can be used by other organisms ex - fungi, bacteria, mushrooms
insertion
adding extra DNA bases
dependent variable
what changed because of the independent variable -always the y axis or the right side of the table
Phosphorous
P
Iron
Fe
Lipid
macromolecule made mainly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
selective breeding
picking the organisms with the best traits and breeding them to get the traits you want
Sodium
Na
Carbon
C
placenta
transfers oxygen and nutrients gets rid of carbon dioxide and wastes
Oxygen
O
substitution
switching DNA bases
Organic Compound
a chemical compound containing the element carbon and usually the element hydrogen
Magnesium
Mg
ecological succession
process of a plant community becoming a forest
Active Site
A pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme. Where the reaction takes place.
natural selection
species surviving because they have they best traits ex - better eye sight, better speed to get away from predators
Nucleic Acid
a molecule made up of subunits called nucleotides; includes DNA and RNA
Iodine
I
independent variable
what the scientist changes -is always the x axis or the left column in a table
photosynthesis
how plants make their own food. They need water, sunlight, carbon dioxide. This makes glucose and oxygen. happens in the chloroplast.
antibody
what your body makes to fight off an infection
direct harvesting
Section 7
(49 cards)
names for the second phase in photosynthesis
- phase 2 - dark phase - carbon fixation - Calvin cycle
what happens during phase 2 of photosynthesis
NADPH combines with CO2 and the CO2 gets fixed to hydrogens and becomes C6H12O6; PGAL is a 3 carbon compound made in photosynthesis occurs in the stroma
8 life functions
Nutrition Excretion Transport Synthesis Growth Respiration Regulation Reproduction
formula for photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O ---> C6H12O6 + O2
6 kingdoms
- Animal - Plant - Fungi - Protista - Archae bacteria - Eubacteria
autotrophic nutrition
producers convert raw "inorganic materials into a usable form"
energy source for photosynthesis
sun (solar energy, radiant energy, white light)
metabolism
the sum total of all chemical activities within the cells of an organism
heterotrophic nutrition
converting "pre formed organic molecules" to a smaller more soluble form
eukaryotic kingdoms
- Plant - Animal - Protista - Fungi
photon
a particle of electromagnetic energy that travels as a wave
respiration formula
C6H12O6 --> ATP + H2O + CO2 energy is released from the glucose and allows ATP molecules to be made from ADP molecules
estrogen
female hormone
dichotomous key
Used to identify unknown organisms. Consists of a series of two part statements that describe characteristics of organisms. At each step the user is presented with two choices.
advantage
helpful to survival
dissection
look at structures
recombination
two parents genes coming together during reproduction
anthocyanin
blue and purple
chlorophyll b
blue green
synthesis
the building of larger more complex molecules from smaller subunits
disadvantage
not helpful to survival
thin layer chromatography
process by which components of a substance are separated based on solubility
progesterone
female hormone
factors that may affect the rate of photosynthesis
- temperature - light intensity - amount of chlorophyll
what chemosynthetic organisms oxidize
Fe, S, and other simple compounds into foods
Carolus Linnaeus
- father of taxonomy - developed the two word naming system: binomial nomenclature - developed the classification system: King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda
What Happens During Phase 1 of Photosynthesis
sunlight I absorbed by chlorophyll and water is split (H2O-> H+O2) and then the hydrogens pair up with NADP and form NADPH (this occurs in the grana)
homeostasis
the maintenance of constant stable, internal environment; "dynamic equilibrium" ex. body gets too warm->sweat
what photosynthetic organisms convert
light energy into chemical bond energy
systematics
study of organism and their evolutionary relationships
chlorophyll
- pigment that absorbs solar energy - found in chloroplasts - green - red and blue light wavelengths are best absorbed by this pigment
excretion
the removal of metabolic wastes ex. salts, urea, H2O
egestion
removal of solid waste ex. cellulose from cell wall of plants
regulation
coordination and control of all life functions
digestion
to break down
raw inorganic materials
carbon dioxide and water
cartenoids
orange
growth
increasing in size or cell number
transport
the absorption and distribution or circulation of materials within a cell or within an organism
taxonomy
science of naming and classifying organisms
names for the first part of photosynthesis
- light phase - phase 1 - photphase - photolysis - light dependent RXN
how the source of oxygen we breathe is made
released from green plants is the water (the photolysis of H2O) NOT the CO2 CO2 + H2O --> C6H12O6 + O2 ↓ O2 gets released into atmosphere
xanthophillis
yellow and red
prokaryotic kingdoms
- Eubacteria - Archae bacteria
nutrition
the process by which organisms obtain materials from the environment and convert them to a usable form
respiration
the release of energy from food molecules; anaerobic and aerobic
reproduction
process by which living things produce more of their own kind; asexual and sexual
organic
contains carbon and hydrogen ex. CH4, methane
ingestion
to take in
chlorophyll a
olive green
Section 8
(50 cards)
carboxyl group
-COOH (acid group)
factors affecting the rate of enzyme action
- temperature - pH *both of these denature the enzymes
proteases
enzymes that work on proteins
disaccharides
sucrose: glucose + fructose maltose: glucose + glucose lactose: glucose + galactose
glycogen
animal starch stored in liver + muscles
hydroxyl group
-OH
polypeptide
the bond between three or more amino acids
dipeptide
the bond between two amino acids by dehydration synthesis
cellulose
plant cell wall (structural)
step 2 of aerobic respiration
- pyruvates enter the mitochondria and then into the Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) - occurs in the matrix End products: 2 ATP 4 CO2 6 NADH 2 FADH2
ribosome
the site for protein synthesis
triglyceride
are made up of one glycerol and three fatty acids
macromolecules
"polymers" -large molecules with repeating subunits (monomers) - carbohydrates - lipids - proteins - nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)
phospholipids
make up majority of the cell membrane found as a "bi-layer"
tonicity
refers to the concentration of solutes in a solution
isotonic solution
- has the same concentration of solutes as the cell that is placed in it - no net movement
end product of anaerobic respiration
produces 2 ATP's per glucose molecule
diffusion
the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (passive transport)
exceptions to the cell theory
- virus - mitochondria - chloroplasts
induced fit theory
enzymes
- speed up chemical reactions - made of protein - are organic catalysts - usually end in "ase" - show specificty
anaerobic respiration
- the "partial" oxidation of glucose - requires no oxygen - has 2 steps
step 2 of anaerobic respiration
(depends on the organism) bacteria will carry out lactic acid fermentation 2 pyruvates --> lactic acid if the organism is a yeast it carries out alcoholic fermentation 2 pyruvates --> CO2 + ethyl alcohol
lipids
- fats - steroids - waxes - carotenoids and other pigments - phospholipids (make up the cell membrane) - contains C, H, and O - there is no 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen - energy reserve
cytoplasm
jelly like substance inside of every cell and holds the organelles
unsaturated fats
have one or more double or triple bonds between the carbons on the fatty acid chains
all cells have...
cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA
lipases
enzymes that work on lipids
monosaccarides
SUGARS - glucose - fructose - galactose
nucleus
organelle controls all cell functions
amylases
enzymes that work on carbohydrates
amylose
plant starch (storage) ex. potato
solute
what is being dissolved
saturated fats
have all single bonds between the carbons on the fatty acid chains
step 3 of aerobic respiration
Electron Transport Chain creates 32 ATP and H2O H's are dropped off by NAD and FAD move though the "steps" End Products: - 32 ATP's - H2O (at the end of the chain, oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor)
step 1 of anaerobic respiration
Glycolysis "glucose is split" - net gain of 2 ATP molecules - occurs in the cytoplasm 2 ATP C6H12O6 ----------> 2 pyruvates + 4 ATP
mitochondria
organelle that releases ATP
catalyst
push a reaction; are used over and over; not consumed in the reaction
solvant
what is helping the dissolving of a solute
polysaccharides
STARCHES cellulose glycogen amylose chitin
proteins
- contain C, H, O, and N (some contain S, P, or Fe) - used for growth and repair -made up of amino acids
cell theory
1. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things 2. All living things come from pre-existing cells 3. All living things are made of cells
aerobic respiration
- complete oxidation of glucose - requires oxygen - has 3 steps
emergent properties
- these arise at increasing levels of biological hierarchy - these are properties not seen at the previous levels atom>molecule>organelle>cell>tissue>organ>organ systems> organism
hydrolysis
process by which big molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by adding water AB + H2O--------> A + B (reactants) (products)
chitin
exoskeloton of insects (structural)
dehydration synthesis
process by which small molecules are bonded together to make a bigger more complex molecule; water is removed in the process A + B----------> AB + H2O (reactants). (products)
amino acid
- 20 types and each has a different "R" group
step 1 of aerobic respiration
Glycolysis "glucose is split" - net gain of 2 ATP molecules - occurs in the cytoplasm 2 ATP C6H12O6 ----------> 2 pyruvates + 4 ATP
carbohydrates
- sugars and starches - contain C, H and O - there is a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen - usually end in "ose" - used for "quick energy" - found as a "ring like" structure
Section 9
(49 cards)
phase contrast microscope
living tissue is seen
monotreme
egg laying mammal
endoderm
the respiratory, digestive, liver, and pancreas are formed (second layer of the gastrula)
fraternal twins
two eggs and two sperm can form this
ovulation
the release of the egg (one of the stages of the menstrual cycle)
genes/alleles
found on homologous chromosomes
follicle stage
egg matures in the ovary (one of the stages of the menstrual cycle)
Mendel's 1st Law (law of dominance)
this law states that if the dominant gene present, it will make a recessive gene for that trait and the dominant trait will show in the phenotype
stages of the menstrual cycle
follicle stage ovulation corpus luteal menstruation
plant cell mitosis
- no centrioles - cell plate forms the becomes cell wall
ectoderm
the skin and nervous system is formed (outer layer of the gastrula)
plasmolysis
outward osmosis in plants
multiple alleles
a pattern of inheritance when more than two genes are available in the "gene pool" ex. human blood type= three genes are available A, B, and O
cytokinesis
splitting of cytoplasm
Andalusian fowl
black chickens crossed with white chickens produce blue chickens
flacid
when plants are wilted because of plasmolysis
metaphase
- spindle fully formed - chromosomes line up on equator
telophase
- nuclear membranes rapper - cell pinches in
water is...
- inorganic - universal solvant - necessary for all metabolic chemical reactions
anaphase
- spindle shortens - sisters move to opposite poles
in vivo
in the "oviduct"
turgid
swollen with water
cleavage
series of rapid mitotic divisions a zygote undergoes en route to the uterus 2 cell--->4 cell---->morula---->blastula---->gastrula (solid ball) (hollow ball)
endocytosis
the process of transporting substances into the cell through a vesicle (one of the mechanisms of active transport)
Mendel's 3rd Law (law of independent assortment)
this law states that during the making gametes, the genes for different traits are separated and distributed to gametes independently of one another Exception: "gene linkage" because gene linkages can be broken by crossing over
phagocytosis
extensions of cytoplasm engulf substances and bring them into the cell in a vesicle (one of the mechanism of active transport)
compound microscope can see
nucleus cytoplasm membrane chloroplasts cell wall vacuole nucleolus
electron microscope
the specimen is dead
blood types
A: AA AO B: BB BO AB: AB O: OO (genotypes)
marsupial
pouched animal
hypertonic solution
- has a higher amount of solutes than inside the cell that is placed in it
test cross/back cross`
used to determine the genotype of an organism showing the dominant trait in the phenotype
identical twins
one egg and one sperm can form this
mesoderm
the circulatory, endocrine, lymphatic, reproductive, urinary, immune, skeletal, and muscle systems (middle layer of the gastrula)
in vitro
in a petri dish
Mendel's 2nd Law (law of segregation)
this law states that "factors" that occur in pairs are separated from one another during gamete formation
2n
the diploid number of chromosomes in an organism ex. humans: 46 fruit fly: 4
mitosis
- the making of body cells (aka somatic cells)
menstruation
uterine lining is shed if a woman is pregnant she doesn't go through this stage (one of the stages of the menstrual cycle)
corpus luteal
secreting of progesterone (one of the stages of the menstrual cycle)
hypotonic solution
- has a lower amount of solutes than the cell that is placed in it
active transport
- molecules move from an area of low concentration to high concentration - molecules move against the gradient, which requires energy/ATP
centrifuge
separates components based on density
prophase
- nuclear membrane disappears - spindle begins to form - centrioles move to opposite poles
interphase
"resting phase" - replication occurs
wet mount slide
incomplete dominance
the hybrid offspring of two homozygous individuals show a phenotype than either parent ex. Andalusian fowl
Does an amoeba have tissues? Why or why not?
No, an amoeba doesn't have tissues because it is a single celled organism. Tissues are made of a group of cells therefore it isn't possible for an amoeba to have tissue.
gestation
the length of pregnancy
co dominance
a pattern of inheritance where neither allele is dominant over the the other and both show phenotype ex. roan cattle
Section 10
(50 cards)
outbreeding
crossing individuals that are not related to bring desirable traits together
2 models of evolution
gradualism punctuated equilibrium
nucleotide
sex linked traits
are controlled by genes found on the sex chromosomes ex. hemophilia baldness ichthyosis muscular dystrophy XX- normal XX*- carrier (has normal vision) XX- colorblind
hemophilia
blood can't clot
translocation
piece of a chromosome moves to a non homologous chromosome
biotic
living
symbiotic relationship
a close relationship between two organisms and one always benefits
frameshift mutation
one or more bases are deleted
biosphere
all areas on the planet where life exists
community
all the species in a given area ex. pond
sickle cell anemia
autosomal point disorder
chromosomal disorder caused by nondisjuction
- Down syndrome - trisomy 12 (Patau's) - Klinefelter's XXY - Turner's Syndrome
phenylketonuria (P.K.U)
- autosomal point disorder - cannot break phenylalanine - inbron error of metabolism
polyploidy
total failure of chromosomes to separate during gamete formation (organism has extra sets of chromosomes on all pairs)
nitrogenous bases
Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine
biotechnology
application of technology to produce more useful products ex. selective breeding
tay sachs
- autosomal point disorder - "inborn error of metabolism" - not producing an enzyme (Hex A) needed for metabolism
mutagenic agents
LSD pollution/pesticide radiation UV rays
trophic levels
purines
Adenine or Guanine
inversion
an entire section of DNA is reversed
point mutation
a gene mutation involving a deletion, substitution or addition of a single nucleotide (may not show in the phenotype of the organism)
helicase
unwinds the DNA during replication
mechanisms of evolution
natural selection mutation genetic variation
DNA
deoxyribonucleic acid - is a polymer of repeating nucleotides
Watson and Crick
- credited for the DNA model demonstrated how DNA molecules are templates for their own replication
nondisjunction
failure of chromosomes to separate properly during gamete formation
pyrimidines
Thymine or Cytosine
abiotic
non-living examples: H2O light intensity climate temperature O2/CO2 concentrations pH soil moisture
saprophyte
used to describe decomposers that feed off of dead organic materials
polymerase
helps attach free floating nucleotides and checks for any errors during replication
chromosomes
- are made up of strands of DNA - on the DNA are groups of genes - human karyotype is 22 pairs of autosomes
population
one species of a given area
cri du chat
- wide set set - small bridge of the nose - larynx affected - part of chromosome 5 is affected
ecosystem
all the biotic and abiotic components in a given area and the interactions between them
nervous system
brain- central nervous system spinal cord- central nervous system nerves- peripheral nervous system
DNA replication
2 strands of double helix unwind; each is a template for a complementary strand; free floating nucleotides attach to their complimentary base (A,T, C, G) on each side of ladder; each new double contains one strand from the original
transgenic organism
an organism that contain genetic material from another organism
inbreeding
crossing two individuals of the same strain
8 biomes
tundra temperate deciduous forest taiga rain forest desert grassland (savanna) marine freshwater
ecosystem is self sustaining if there is...
- a constant flow of energy - a cycling of materials
ligase
links all nucleotides together in a new strand of DNA
levels of ecology
population community ecosystem biome biosphere
genetic engineering
taking two different genetic materials and combing them also called: gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology
ecology
the study of living things and their interaction with the environment
types of muscles
cardiac- heart skeletal- attached to bones smooth- organs and blood vessels
characteristics of mutations
- are random - are not predictable - are usually disadvantageous
biome
a large geographic area with a particular climate
3 ways genetic variations are demonstrated
(examples) structural- homologous structures functional- skunk spray or octopi ink behavioral- vampire finches
Section 11
(44 cards)