Section 1
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Anatomical Sections
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Last updated
7 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (174)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Anatomical Sections
Longitudinal, Transverse, Oblique
Circumduction
circular movement - combo of flexion, extension, ab and adduction
Functions of the skin
protection, containment, heat regulation, sensation, syntheses/storage VD
skin- heat regulation
sweat, vaso.. dilatation / constriction
Eversion
turning outward
Elevation
more superior
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
ingumentary system
skin
sagittal plane
divides body into left and right
transverse section
cut made along a horizontal plane to divide the body into upper and lower regions
unilateral
one-sided
retraction/protraction
forward or backward movement
nearer the vertex, the top most point of the cranium
apex of cranium
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
Contralateral
opposite side
Pronation
palm down
skin - protection
guard, prevent fluid off, UV, microbes
Supination
Palm up
Caudal
toward the tail
frontal plane (coronal plane)
Divides the body into front and back portions. Anterior and Posterior
transverse plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
Eipdermis
outermost layer of skin no BV or lymph
Posterior (dorsal)
back
skin- sensation
pressure, warmth, cold, pain
Inferior
Lower on the body, farther from the head
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
oblique section
cuts made diagonally
opposition
Movement of the thumb to touch the fingertips
Flexion
bending a joint
anatomical position
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
Rotation
median or lateral
Medial
toward the midline
median (midsagittal) plane
R and L halves - midsagittal
Lateral
away from the midline
Anterior (ventral)
front of the body
Adduction
movement toward the midline
rostral (brain)
front
protrusion
forward movement- something sticking out
bilateral
both sides
parasagittal plane
divides R and L - offset from the midline or midsagittal plane
skin- containment
organs and extracellular fluids
deep
away from the surface
Inversion
turning inward
Anatomical Planes
median, sagittal, frontal, transverse
apex
the highest point
extension
Straightening of a joint
superficial
near the surface
longitudinal section
long axis
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Ipsilateral
same side
Section 2
(50 cards)
ligaments
bone to bone
hair follicles
smooth arrector muscles sebaceous glands
collapsed bursae
surround organs, heart and abdominal viscera
laceration superficial
epidermis
what does deep fascia do?
structure of muscle SA for muscular attachment venous and lymphatic return compartments retinaculum
keloid
overgrowth of scar tissue
stratum basale*
deepest attached to dermis regenerative and pigmented
skeletal system
Protects and supports body organs and provides a framework the muscles use to support movement. Made up of bones and joints
Tubercle
where large muscles attach
Hematoma
pool clotted blood
fascial planes
potential spaces between adjacent fascias or fascia-lined structures
SESAMOID BONES
patella (kneecap)
anatomy of deep fascia
dense organized no fat parallel under skin and SC
FASCIA*
thick tissue that creates compartments planes with no vessels
Dermis
dense collagen and elastic fibers tone & strength collagen patterns determine tension lines (langer lines) and wrinkles blood vessels lymphatic sweat glands hair follicles nerve receptors
musculvenous pump
muscoskeletal pump (deep fascia)
skin ligaments
Fibrous bands, attach dermis to deep fascia long sparse - back of hand short and abundant- palm
sweat glands
in dermis thermo
2nd degree burn
epidermis and part of dermis (blistered)
Bronzing
Addison's disease adrenal insufficency increase in melynocytes
stratum lucidum*
soles, palms, lips
BURSA
LUBRICATION joints/tendons
cortical bone
support/ compact bone
visceral layer
covers organ
APPENDICULAR skeleton
126 bones limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle
3rd degree burn
Full thickness damage through skin into nerves and muscles NO PAIN GRAFT
DEEP FASCIA**
inter muscular, compartments, retinaculum (retention bands- holds tendons in place) contracting muscles and venous valves create musculvenous pump = muscoskeletal pump to return blood to the heart ** especially in LE where blood moves against gravity
What are the 5 sublayers of the epidermis?
stratum corneum stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale
Bones
living tissue storage of salts (Ca) Hematopoiesis
Periosteum
surrounds bones
1st degree burn
Only the epidermis (red, painful, and edema)
Cartilage
A connective tissue no blood supply
burns rule of Nines
head and neck 9% each upper ext 9% each lower ext 9% front trunk 18% back trunk 18% genitalia 1%
Jaundance
hyperbiliubinemia
where is fat storage for most of the body
subcutaneous layer
stratun corneum
dead cells, shred
AXIAL skeleton
80 bones Head- crainum/skull Neck - hyoid and cervical Trunk- ribs, sternum veterbrae and sacrum
compartment syndrome
compression of nerves, blood vessels and muscle inside a closed space
Tension Lines (Langer)
direction of collagen fibers incisions should be made parallel to these lines less scars
Striae
stretch marks
Ecchymosis
bruise
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone
Perichondrium
surrounds cartliage
erythemia
redness of the skin
subserous fascia
fatty tissue between internal MS walls and serous membrane linings of body cavities endothoracic endoabdominal endopelvic
pallor
paleness Lack of RBC Or hemoglobin
parietal layer
lines the internal surface of the body wall
subcutaneous layer
beneath the dermis and above fascia superficial blood vessels
deep laceration
dermis into SC
Albinism
lack of melanin
Section 3
(50 cards)
atheroscopy
visual exam of joints
intercalated discs
Attachment sites between the transverse lines between cardiac muscle cells
epiphyseal plate
cartliage= growth plate
cardiac striated muscle
involuntary- ANS control contract spontaneously bifurcate- split intercalated discs - uniform contraction
tunica intima
endothelium: kemokines and promote inflammation
involuntary muscle
cardiac smooth
hypertrophy
increase in muscle size
cartilaginous joint
two or more bones joined by cartilage
DJD (degenerative joint disease)
osteoarthritis
the motor unit
a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Types of fractures
1. Comminuted: the bone is crushed and/or shattered. 2. Compression: the fractured area of the bone collapses on itself. 4. Complicated: the bone is broken and pierces an internal organ. 5. Impacted: the bone is broken and the ends are driven into each other. 6. Hairline: a minor fracture appears as a thin line on an x-ray and may not extend completely through the bone. 7. Greenstick: the bone is partially bent and partially broken; common in children because the bones are still soft. 8. Pathologic: any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease. 9. Salter-Harris: a fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children. 10. Sprain: traumatic injury to a joint involving the soft tissue. Includes muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Usually as a result of overuse or overstretching.
how to assess bone age
rissers sign /score
Pseudohypertrophy
false hypertrophy
fibrous joint
syndesmosis (tib/fib) suture
where is avascular necrosis most common?
hip (femoral head) wrist (schopid bone)
components of blood vessels
tunica intima capillaries tunica media tunica adventitia
T-score: osteopenia
between -1 and -2.5
Hiltons law
any nerve serving a muscle that produces movement at a joint also innervates the joint and the skin over the joint (share nerves)
synovial joints
hinge joints ball and socket on hip
Osteoblasts
build bone
injured bone- remodeling
osteoblasts form new bone ostify- CALLOUS (collar of callus) continues to heal
vascular and innveration bone
bone is vascular, has many nerve endings and lymphatics
bifurcate
divide into two branches
epiphyseal line on X-ray
puberty to maturity
origins
proximal FIXED
primary ossification center
diaphysis- prenatal
joint vascular and nerve innervation
articular artery Hiltons law- nerve endings propreoception
voluntary muscle
skeletal
Satellite cells of skeletal muscle
myoblasts source disorganized muscle and scar tissue growth
disorders of the skeletal system
osteoporosis /osteopenia dwarfism rickets osteosarcoma/chondrosarcoma arthritis gout kyphosis
Risser's sign
graded on 1-5 the amount of calcification present in iliac and measures progressive ossification anterolaterally to posteromedially helps determine future growth, scoliosis and curvatures
Osteoporosis
severe bone loss- -brittle easy fractures compression fractures kyphosis (spontaneous) OSTEOCLASTIC ACTIVITY OUTWEIGHS OSTEOBLASTIC ACTIVITY- IMPABALNCE
joint
union between 2 or more rigid parts of the skeleton
Pesanserinus
sartorius gracilis semitendinosus PRIMARY FLEXORS OF KNEE
epiphyseal plates
growth plates underproduction can lead to deformities
osteoclasts
remove bone
avascular necrosis
an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow
paralyis
flacid lacks tone
joint classification
SYNOVIAL (knee) FIBROUS (skull suture) cartilaginous (IV disc)
Bone Development
mesenchymal cells to chondroblasts then calcification via primary and secondary ossification
contraction of muscles- attachments
Origins Insertions
types of muscle tissue
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
secondary ossification center
epiphysis- after birth
Metaphysis (long bone)
where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density
cardiovascular system: arteries / veins
insertions
distal MOVEABLE
T score of osteoporosis
-2.5 and lower
smooth muscle
involuntary (ANS, hormones) in all vascular tissue (except capillaries) ex: GI
Diaphysis
shaft of a long bone covered with periosteum
Section 4
(24 cards)