Section 1
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dihybrid cross
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Date created
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Section 1
(50 cards)
dihybrid cross
What role did Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins play in identifying the structure of DNA?
produced the x-ray diffraction of DNA crystals
Interdependence
the dependence of every organism on its connections with other living and nonliving parts of its environment
What is a Punnett square used for?
To predict the results of a genetic cross.
Mendel observed ____ characteristics of pea plants
7
What is an autosome?
Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome
analogous structures
anatomical structure in a species that is similar in function and appearance but do not come from the same origin to another one in a different species
genetics
field of biology devoted to understanding how characteristics are transmitted from parent to offspring
Multiple alleles
genes with 3 or more alleles
What is artificial selection?
the process by which humans change a species by breeding it for certain traits
Who was Charles Darwin?
English naturalist whose scientific theory of evolution by natural selection became the foundation of modern evolutionary studies.
Protein synthesis involves what 2 processes?
transcription and translation
Female chromosomes
XX
What plans did Mendel use in his experiments?
Pea plants -Structure of pea pants made it easy to manipulate -reproduce fast -distinct traits that can be seen
What provides the best evidence of evolution?
fossil record
Monohybrid cross
What are sex-liked traits?
allele is located on the sex chromosome EX: color blindness
Who is commonly referred to as the "father of Genetics"?
Gregor Mendel
What are amino acids?
building blocks of proteins
Explain the 4 steps of natural selection
Over production- more are produced than can survive. Genetic variation- individuals in population have different traits. Struggle to survive- most compete to survive Differential reproduction- organisms with best adaptations are most likely to and reproduce
How many different kinds of amino acids are there?
20 kinds
What are the chances a child is born with a recessive disorder if both parents are carriers?
25%
What molecules make up nucleotide?
Phosphate group 5-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) Nitrogen base
What are the levels of organization in ecology?
organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere
The transmission of characteristics from parents to offspring is called
Heredity
What are the base pairing rules?
A-T C-G
Chromosome
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes. humans have 23. sex chromosomes determine the sex- xy, xx
What are the steps of DNA reproduction?
1. separation of strands 2. base pairing 3. bonding of the bases
Male chromosomes
XY
vestigial structures
structure in an organism the is reduced in size and function (may have been useful in ancestors)
Ecology
Scientific study of interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment
Genotype
organism's genetic makeup
How is a pedigree useful to genetics?
geneticists can analyze how a trait is inherited and the pattern it follows.
Phenotype
organism's physical appearance
What is evolution?
The development of new types of organisms from existing ones.
Polygenic
trait that influenced by many genes
What does the law of segregation state?
Each pair of genes separate and each gamete contains one gene from each parent.
Each of two or more alternative forms of a gene is called
Allele
homologous structure
anatomical structures that share a common ancestry but had different uses
Most genetic disorders follow what inheritance pattern?
recessive
Homozygous
An organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
What is a nucleotide?
subunit of DNA that consists of three parts
How does RNA and DNA differ?
1. sugar- RNA-ribose, DNA- deoxyribose 2. bases- RNA- AUCG, DNA- ATGC 3. strands- RNA- single, DNA- double 4. length- RNA-shorter, DNA- longer
What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits?
dominant is always expressed over the recessive, and recessive is always masked by dominant
What is the primary function of DNA?
store information that tells the cells which proteins to make and how to do it
Sex influenced traits
linked to the X chromosome
What role did James Watson and Francis Crick play in DNA?
they proposed that DNA was made up of 2 strands that wrap around each other in the shape of .a double helix
Heterozygous
An organism that has two different alleles for a trait
Describe the structure of DNA
double helix that consists of deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
What is the difference between dominant and recessive traits? How is each represented?
Dominant- expressed over recessive Recessive- masked by dominant
Section 2
(30 cards)