Section 1
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Creoles
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Last updated
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Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (61)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Creoles
Native-born elites in the Spanish colonies.
Steam engine
Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power; the introduction of this item allowed a hitherto unimagined increase in productivity and made the Industrial Revolution possible.
Haiti
Name that revolutionaries gave to the former French colony of Saint Domingue; the term means "mountainous" or "rugged" in the Taino language.
Mass Production
The manufacture of many identical products by the division of labor into many small simple tasks.
Estates-General
French representative assembly called into session by Louis XVI to address pressing problems and out of which the French Revolution emerged; the three estates were the clergy, the nobility, and the commoners.
Third Estate
In prerevolutionary France, the term used for the 98 percent of the population that was neither clerical nor noble, and for their representatives at the Estates General; in 1789, it declared itself a National Assembly and launched the French Revolution.
Self-strengthening Movement
China's program of internal reform in the 1860s and 1870s, based on vigorous application of Confucian principles and limited borrowing from the West.
Napoleon Bonaparte
French head of state from 1799 until his abdication in 1814 (and again briefly in 1815); preserved much of the French Revolution under an autocratic system and was responsible for the spread of revolutionary ideals through his conquest of much of Europe.
the Reign of Terror
Term used to describe the revolutionary violence in France in 1793-1794, when radicals under the leadership of Maximilien Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people deemed enemies of the revolution.
American Revolution
Successful rebellion conducted by the colonists of parts of North America (not Canada) against British rule (1775-1787); a conservative revolution whose success assured property rights but established republican government in place of monarchy.
Latin American Revolutions
Series of risings in the Spanish colonies of Latin America (1810-1826) that established the independence of new states from Spanish rule but that for the most part retained the privileges of the elites despite efforts at more radical social rebellion by the lower classes.
Haitian Revolution
The only fully successful slave rebellion in world history; the uprising in the French Caribbean colony of Saint Domingue (later renamed Haiti) was sparked by the French Revolution and led to the establishment of an independent state after a long and bloody war (1791-1804).
Petit Blancs
The "little" (or poor) white population of Saint Domingue, which played a significant role in the Haitian Revolution.
Daimyo
Feudal lords of Japan who retained substantial autonomy under the Tokugawa shogunate and only lost their social preeminence in the Meiji restoration.
Scramble for Africa
Name used for the process of the European countries' partition of the continent of Africa between themselves in the period 1875-1900.
Boxer Rebellion
Rising of Chinese militia organizations in 1900 in which large numbers of Europeans and Chinese Christians were killed
Proletariat
Term that Karl Marx used to describe the industrial working class; originally used in ancient Rome to describe the poorest part of the urban population.
Social Darwinism
An application of the concept of "survival of the fittest" to human history in the nineteenth century.
Sepoy Rebellion
The revolt of Indian soldiers in 1857 against certain practices that violated religious customs; also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.
The Sick Man of Europe
Western Europe's unkind nickname for the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, a name based on the sultans' inability to prevent Western takeover of many regions and to deal with internal problems; it fails to recognize serious reform efforts in the Ottoman state during this period.
Opium Wars
Two wars fought between Western powers and China (1839-1842 and 1856-1858) after China tried to restrict the importation of foreign goods; China lost both wars and was forced to make major concessions.
Leopold II
his rule as private owner of the Congo Free State during much of that time is typically held up as the worst abuse of Europe's second wave of colonization, resulting as it did in millions of deaths.
Russo-Japanese War
Ending in a Japanese victory, this war established Japan as a formidable military competitor in East Asia and precipitated the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Tanzimat Reforms
Important reform measures undertaken in the Ottoman Empire beginning in 1839; the term means "reorganization."
Nationalism
The focusing of citizens' loyalty on the notion that they are part of a "nation" with a unique culture, territory, and destiny; first became a prominent element of political culture in the nineteenth century.
French Revolution
Massive dislocation of French society (1789-1815) that overthrew the monarchy, destroyed most of the French aristocracy, and launched radical reforms of society that were lost again, though only in part, under Napoleon's imperial rule and after the restoration of the monarchy.
Apartheid
Afrikaans term for the system that developed in South Africa of strictly limiting the social and political integration of whites and blacks.
Seneca Falls Conference
The first organized women's rights conference
Guillotine
defined the reign of terror, its fast-falling blade extinguished life immediately, introduced as a more humane way of beheading (vs. an ax)
Middle class values
Belief system that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and "respectability."
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Document drawn up by the French National Assembly in 1789 that proclaimed the equal rights of all men; the declaration ideologically launched the French Revolution.
Samurai
Armed retainers of the Japanese feudal lords, famed for their martial skills and loyalty; in the Tokugawa shogunate, they gradually became an administrative elite, but they did not lose their special privileges until the Meiji restoration.
Cash crop agriculture
Agricultural production, often on a large scale, of crops for sale in the market, rather than for consumption by the farmers themselves.
Unequal treaties
Series of nineteenth-century treaties in which China made major concessions to Western powers.
gens de couleur libres
Literally, "free people of color"; term used to describe freed slaves and people of mixed racial background in Saint Domingue on the eve of the Haitian Revolution.
Tokugawa Shogunate
Rulers of Japan from 1600 to 1868.
Young Turks
Movement of Turkish military and civilian elites that developed ca. 1900, eventually bringing down the Ottoman Empire
Hidalgo-Morelos Revolution
Socially radical peasant insurrection that began in Mexico in 1810 and that was led by the priests
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Leading figure of the early women's rights movement in the United States (1815-1902).
Populism
Late-nineteenth-century American political movement that denounced corporate interests of all kinds.
Crimean War
Major international conflict (1854-1856) in which British and French forces defeated Russia; the defeat prompted reforms within Russia.
Meiji Restoration
The overthrow of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan in 1868, restoring power at long last to the emperor
Bourgeoisie
Term that Karl Marx used to describe the owners of industrial capital; originally meant "townspeople."
Taiping Rebellion
Massive Chinese rebellion that devastated much of the country between 1850 and 1864; it was based on the millenarian teachings of Hong Xiuquan.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
First leader of the Haitian Revolution, a former slave (1743-1803) who wrote the first constitution of Haiti and served as the first governor of the newly independent state.
Peter the Great
Tsar of Russia (r. 1689-1725) who attempted a massive reform of Russian society in an effort to catch up with the states of Western Europe.
Declaration of the Rights of Woman
Short work written by the French feminist Olympe de Gouges in 1791 that was modeled on the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen and that made the argument that the equality proclaimed by the French revolutionaries must also include women.
Matthew Perry
U.S. navy commodore who in 1853 presented the ultimatum that led Japan to open itself to more normal relations with the outside world.
abolitionist movement
An international movement that between approximately 1780 and 1890 succeeded in condemning slavery as morally repugnant and abolishing it in much of the world; the movement was especially prominent in Britain and the United States.
Karl Marx
German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future.
Section 2
(11 cards)