Section 1
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during apoptosis, cell contents remain membrane bound, therefore not eliciting inflammation
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (265)
Section 1
(50 cards)
during apoptosis, cell contents remain membrane bound, therefore not eliciting inflammation
major difference between necrosis and apoptosis
amyloidosis (congo red stain)
what is this extracellular accumulation?
melanoma
what is this
acute inflammation (fibrinous- loosely adhered)
fibrinous CT indicates what type of inflammation?
fatty acids fail to be converted into lipoproteins and get therefore are not transported out of the liver
pathogenesis of fatty change?
caspase 8
which initiator caspase is for extrinsic apoptotic pathway?
caspase 9
which initiator caspase is for intrinsic apoptotic pathway?
hepatic lipid accumulation
organ? issue?
cell shrinkage, chromatin condensation, cytoplasmic bleb & apoptotic bodies, phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies
morphological features of apoptosis
Pleural calcification (metastatic)
chronic inflammation
fibrous CT indicates what type of inflammation?
vacuolar degeneration histology
describe this picture
hemorrhage
risks ulcers can cause
fibrous connective tissue
if large numbers of cells die, what will replace them
Karryorrhexis
-Hydropic degeneration of the liver -accentuated lobular pattern; pallor-light pink
Describe this liver
gout (uric acid crystals)
what is this extracellular accumulation?
scarring
healing of an ulcer
irreversible condensation of chromatin (shrunken nucleus)
pyknosis
epidermal hyperplasia (allergic skin disease)
tyrosinase contains copper and is needed for the oxidation of tyrosine to melanin
why does copper deficiency cause color fading?
a pigment associated with jaundice
what is bilirubin?
glycogen accumulation vacuoles with indistinct border, nuclei central
Issue? Description?
small area of necrosis due to cut off blood supply
infarct
epithelial response to injury with damage to basement membrane
ulceration
integrin enters a high affinity state and can bind to ICAM.
In the leukocyte adhesion cascade, once L-selectin is shed from the leukocyte what occurs?
injury->hypoxia-> decrease oxidative phosphorylation -> decreased ATP -> na/k pump activity decreases --> influx on Ca2+ and Na+; efflux K+, ->H20 enters cell-> swelling-->cell membrane damage
describe the pathogenesis from injury-> vacuolar degeneration
apoptosis- phagocytes necrosis- neutrophils
during apoptosis and necrosis what are the major immune cells for each?
hematin
pigment?
mitochondrial and DNA damage
intrinsic apoptotic pathway
digested blood caused by parasites (brown pigment)
what is hematin?
myocardial necrosis coagulative
disease? type of necrosis
amyloid (amorphous and eosinophilic) in the pancreatic islets
what is this extracellular accumulation?
Acute cellular swelling
vacuolar degeneration (hydropic degeneration)
suppurative
producing or associated with the generation of pus.
Nuclear fragmentation
Karyorrhexis
abscess
encapsulated accumulation of neutrophils
Ballooning Degeneration, Papular Stomatitis Arrows= inclusion bodies
describe this oral mucosa. What is the arrow? disease?
enlargement of a cell due to increase in size of organelles
hypertrophy of a cell
nuclear dissolution (pale nucleus)
karyolysis
increase in size due to increase in number of cells
hyperplasia
fat necrosis lost nuclei, vague cellular outlines, pale cytoplasm on H&E stain
type of necrosis? morphologic features
epithelial response to injury with basement membrane intact
erosion
coagulation necrosis denaturation with denser rigid texture to dead cells
type of necrosis characteristics
lipofuscin- pigment associated with aging
what is the yellow-brown
fat saponification, chalky white
type of necrosis characteristics
pyometra liquefactive necrosis (suppurative) purulent exudate
disease type of necrosis type of exudate
caspase 3, 6, 7, 12
executioner caspases
inclusion bodies
pus
neutrophilic inflammation with high plasma protein content
Section 2
(50 cards)
macrophage
granulomatous
decreases inflammation released from liver
does albumin cause an increase or decrease in inflammation? Where is it released from?
ligand for Integrin, involved in adhesion part of the leukocyte adhesion cascade
ICAM-1
infection with feline enteric corona virus --> replicated in enterocytes of PP in intestine --> mutate and replicate in macrophages and blood monocytes --> virus infected macrophages disseminates to multiple organs --> host immune response --> pyogranulomatus vasculitis
pathogenesis for FIP
edema
vascular leakage of fluid into tissues
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Platelet Plug
primary hemostasis (2 main things)
triglycerides milk white
chylous
bradykinin, PGD2, NO, LD4
vasodilators
chylous
describe exudate
coagulation pathway
secondary hemostasis
1. Increased intravascular hydrostatic pressure 2. Reduced intravascular oncotic pressure 3. Increased microvascular permeability 4. decreased lymphatic drainage
4 major causes of edema/effusion
increases inflammation released from liver
does fibrinogen cause an increase or decrease in inflammation?Where is it released from?
albumin, prealbumin, alpha-2 macroglobulin, transferrin
4 proteins from liver that decrease inflammation?
infected granulation tissue
3(Tissue Factor/thromboplastin)-7
extrinsic coag pathway factors
reduces oncotic pressure which will reduce absorption of fluid into the capillaries
why does decreased albumin promote edema
pain, swelling, redness, edema, loss of function, heat
clinical signs of acute inflammation
Th2
primary immune response to eosinophilic granuloma
compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac
cardiac tamponade
clear fluid
transudate
increase
does C-reactive protein increase or decrease inflammation?
increase vascular permeability and smooth muscle contractions
complement protein C3a does what two things?
1. persistent injury 2. persistent infection by bacteria, fungi, parasites, viruses 3. prolonged exposure to toxins 4. autoimmune reactions
4 main causes for chronic inflammation
I: IgE II: IgM or IgG III: IgM or IgG IV: T- cells
Immunological component to Type 1-IV hypersensativites
factors that contribute to hemostasis and thrombosis. 1. Endothelial Injury * 2. Static or Turbulent Blood Flow 3. Blood Hypercoagulability
Virchows triad
effusion
vascular leakage of fluid into a body cavity
tunica intima , tunica media, tunica adventitia
3 artery levels from lumen out
Th1 lymphocytes
priimary immune response to nodular granuloma
non-pathogenic arrest of bleeding
hemostasis
Small intestine: severe, subactue, multifocal, surface, Pyogranulomatous vasculitis, .
Morphological diagnosis
10-5 -2(thrombin)-1 (fibrin)
common coag pathway factors
neurons, photoreceptors, cardiac muscle
3 examples of permanent cells
fluid rich in proteins and/or cells
exudate
neutrophils
pyo
fibrinous exudate (stringy pale fibrin)
type of exudate?
Extravasated blood
hemorrhage
a receptor involved in diapidesis of leukocytes out of the blood stream into the interstium
PECAM1
increase vascular permeability and chemotaxis
complement protein C5a does what two major things?
healthy granulation tissue
serosanguinous fibrinous purulent
types of exudate
petechial, ecchymotic, purpuric, paintbrush
4 descriptions of hemorrhage
NSAID inhibit COX1/Cox2 which inhibits Prostaglandin synthesis--> predisposing the kidneys to hypoperfusion and eventually ischemia (because prostaglandins have protective effect of renal tubules against ischemia)
pathogenesis of renal papillary necrosis
Th2 lymphocytes
primary immune respose to diffuse granuloma
12-11-9-8
intrinsic coag pathway factors
1. neutrophils 2 fibrin 3. macrophages
3 features of Pyogranulomas histologically
pathogenic inappropriate hemostasis
thrombosis
proud flesh- overgrown granulation tissue
1. Margination 2. Rolling 3. Adhesion 4. Migration
4 major parts of leukocyte adhesion cascade?
increase vascular permeability
LTB4, LTC4, LT2, LTE4 do what thing
purulent exudate due to meningitis (sulci are obsucred by exudate)
describe this exudate
Section 3
(50 cards)
malignant bone tumor
Osteosarcoma
flat, no stalk
sessile tumor
pathological activation of coagulation
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Endocardiosis
benign squamous epithelial tumor
papilloma
brain
organ?
systemic hypoperfusion
shock
mesenchymal cells
Round cell tumors
anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) --> acidosis. Peripheral vasoconstriction cannot be maintained --> vasodilation
what occurs during progression of shock?
multifactorial injury to respiratory capillary endothelium and epithelium
actue respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
spleen
organ?
electricity, fear, s.c. injury, trauma --> autonomic NS discharge --> decrease in sympathetic tone --> peripheral vasodilation & bradycardia --> pooling blood --> hypoperfusion
pathogenesis of neurogenic shock
benign smooth muscle tumor
Leiomyoma
fingerlike projections from tumor
papillary tumor
epithelial metaplasia
malignant skeletal muscle tumor
Rhabdomyosarcoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
leiomyosarcoma
malignant liver tumor
Hepatocellular carcinoma
benign glandular tumor
adenoma
no, only high doses
do low and medium doses of LPS cause septic shock?
myxomatous metaplasia
benign skeletal muscle tumor
Rhabdomyoma
HR increases, vasoconstriction, ADH & angiotensin II release --> increase BP, blood diverted to vital tissue
what occurs during shock compensation?
benign plasma cell tumor
plasma cell tumor or plasmacytoma
kidney
organ?
marked ulceration and necrosis
fungating tumor
hypoxia & platelet & coagulation activation, myocardial group failure --> multi-organ failure + DEATH
During shock why is there irreversible cellular & tissue damage?
tumor like lesion; disorganized mature tissue in abnormal location
choristoma
tumor like lesion; disorganized mature tissue in normal location
hamartoma
malignant macrophage tumor
histiocytic sarcoma
malignant lymphocyte tumor
lymphoma and leukemia
ring shaped
annular tumor
cat neoplasia
malignant plasma cell tumor
multiple myeloma
compensation --> progression --> irreversible cell & tissue damage
stages of shock
collagen type 1, elastin, fibronectin, laminin, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans
what is ECM made of?
benign mast cell tumor
low grade mast cell tumor
benign bone tumor
Osteoma
mesenchymal metaplasia
pedunculated polypoid tumor
Epidermal dysplasia
Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type
Metaplasia
malignant glandular tumor
adenocarcinoma
malignant squamous epithelial tumor
squamous cell carcinoma
exposure to allergen --> IgE mediated mast cell degranulation --> histamine + --> vasodilation & increased vascular permeability --> hypotension --> tissue hypoperfusion
pathogenesis of anaphylactic shock
benign liver tumor
hepatoma
malignant mast cell tumor
high grade mast cell tumor
benign macrophage tumor
histiocytoma
age related
myxomatous metaplasia
diffuse endothelial damage or platelet activation
DIC is triggered by many things all of which need to cause what to initiate DIC?
Section 4
(50 cards)
high
if albumin is high, oncotic pressure is ____
high altitude -> hypoxia -> vasoconstriction -> heart works harder -> hypertrophy of arterial walls -> increase pressure and resistance (pulmonary hypertension) -> dilation & hypertrophy of right ventricle ->
brisket disease pathogenesis
HCM*, DCM, hyperthyroidism cardiac hypertrophy, congenital heart disease
common heart diseases in cats
VSD, PDA, persistant truncus arteriosus
common congenital cardiac defects in horses?
GI and pancreatic tumors
which types of tumors metastasize through the portal vein into the liver?
cancellous bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, vascular, or hematopoietic tissues
sarcoma tissues
tubule growth; glandular epithelial origin
type of tumor growth? common in?
liver: severe, chronic, diffuse, hepatic fibrosis (cirrhosis)
morphological diagnosis?
mouth: focal, chronic, severe, oral fibrosarcoma
morph diag
morbidity due to complex systems not directly related to the tumor
what is a paraneoplastic syndrome?
fibrinous pericarditis*, toxic cardiomyopathy, endocardial fibrosis and calcification, endocarditis
common heart diseases in horses
lipid deposits (plaques) in intima and media tunicas; high cholesterol
atherosclerorsis
failure of heart to pump blood adequately
cardiogenic shock
glandular origin
acini growth is common in what type of tumor origin?
Selenium deficiency
issue?
lymphocytes, mast cells, plasma cell, macrophage
round cell tumors are in which tissue types?
Gall bladder: severe, chronic, diffuse, mucocele liver: severe, chronic, focal, heptatocellular carcinoma
morph diag
malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin
sarcoma
Vit E selenium deficiency (white muscle disease)*, toxic cardiomyopathy, brisket disease, pericarditis, lymphoma, endocarditisfip
common heart diseases in cows
fibrosis in the electrical system
when do you see conductance disturbances?
mineral deposition; calcinogenic plants, vit D tox, uremia, renal disease, Johne's disease
arterial medial calcification
carcinoma
lympthatic metastasis for mostly _____
dilated spaces lined by cells which tend to fill with fluid seen in glandular tumors
cystic growth tumor
edema (fluid not being reabsorbed back into the capillary)
decrease in oncotic pressure will cause what?
malignant tumor or epithelial origin
carcinoma
WBCs (NK cells, T cells, B Cells)
types of lymphocytes (derived from common lymphoid progenitors)
mesotheliomas and repro carcinomas
tumors that metastasize through transcoelomic routes are
1. transformed cells adhere and penetrate the basement membrane to ECM; 2. Intravasation into blood (interaction with lymphocytes, form tumor cell emboli - platelets), 3. Extravasation out of blood (metastatic deposits, angiogenesis)
steps of invasion
sarcoma
hematogenous metastasis for mostly _____
cord tumor aligned in chains; common in epithelial (carcinoma) tumors
tumor growth descriptor? common in?
lung
tumors in the vena cava metastasize first in the ____
1. tumor (e.g. adenocarcinoma in anal sac) --> increase PTHrP --> increase Ca++ rebabsorption & decrease phosphate reabsorption 2. tumor--> PTHrP --> stim osteoclasts --> resorb bone --> release Ca++ 3. tumor --> 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D --> ca++ reabsorption in GI
One paraneoplastic syndrome of cancer is hypercalcemia. What are the mechanisms?
myxomatous valve degeneration (endocardiosis)*, congenital heart disease, DCM, hemorrhagic pericardial effusion, cardiac neoplasia, dirofilariasis
common heart diseases in dog
lung: moderate, chronic, multifocal, pleural, anthracosis
morphological diagnosis?
septal defects, PDA
which diseases do you see shunts?
intimal fibrosis in vessels distant from the heart; turbulence & age related
arteriosclerosis
liver
tumors that enter the portal vein metastasize first in the ____
erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
An infectious disease in swine associated with endocarditis and joint infections
1. rupture 2. obstruction 3. myocardial injury 4. shunt 5. conductance disturbance 6. regurgitant flow
mechanisms of pump ad flow failure
Hypertrophic cardiac myopathy (HCM) & dilated cardiac myopathy (DCM)
which diseases do you see myocardial injury
malignant tumor of mesothelial origin
mesothelioma
bone, mammary, skin, soft tissue, thyroid tumors
which types of tumors metastasize through the vena cava into the lungs?
increases in oncotic pressure will decrease albumin synthesis decreases in oncotic pressure will increase albumin synthesis
thinking of homeostasis, how does oncotic pressure affect albumin
liver, glandular, skin
carcinoma tissues
sheet tumor; common in round cell tumor
tumor growth descriptor? common in?
Whorls
tumor growth type?
vitamin E selenium deficiency*, pericarditis, endocarditis
common heart diseases in swine
packets tumor; common in neuroendocrine tumors (chemodectoma)
tumor growth descriptor? common in?
urinary bladder: mild, acute, multifocal, mucosal, petechial hemorrhage
morphological diagnosis?
liver: severe, chronic, diffuse, hepatic lipidosis
morph diag
Section 5
(50 cards)
seminoma (soft- like lymphoma)
ovotestes
Normal seminiferous tubules Spermatogonia (near basal lamina) Spermatids (thin near lumen) Leydig cells
What is this? Name the three main cells that you can see
sheets, lymphoma (round cell tumors)
tumor descriptor & type
testicular degeneration/atrophy (vacuolation, multinucleated cells)
Clara cell function
mycobacterium bovis
disease in cattle that causes lymphadenitis and granulomatous pneumonia
Mannheimia haemolytica Pasturella multocida
2 bacteria that cause shipping fever
stable cells - divide infrequently, in G0 --> G1
quiescent cells
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein
true hermaphrodite
histoplasmosis
endarteritis
inflammation of the intima of an artery
Eosinophilic myocarditis
Testicular atrophy/degeneration
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
whats in the box
Intratubular multinucleated cell Testicular Degeneration/atrophy
This is a seminiferous tubule. What is the red arrow? What does that indicate
acute, severe, ecchymotic, Endocardial Hemorrhage
morphological diagnosis
increased wall thickness
concentric hypertrophy
Male pseudohermaphrodite (XY)
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
disease in goats/sheep that causes lymphadenitis and granulomatous pneumonia
myocarditits
bronchioles
where are clara cells located?
heart: right atrium, hemangiosarcoma
morphological diagnosis
testicular hypoplasia (small)
endocardiosis
most common cause of congestive heart failure
testicular hypoplasia (no germ cells, only sertoli)
aerogenous hematogenous direct extension
routes into the resp tract
gonads
pseudohermaphrodite is named based on ___
cor pulomale
pulmonary vascular disease that leads to right heart enlargement
true hermaphrodite
epithelia (skin, mouth, gut, bladder, BM)
labile cells examples
Coccidioides immitis
disease in dogs that causes lymphadenitis and granulomatous pneumonia
epicardium
whats below the pericardium
duct system, genetalia
phenotypic sex incudes
continuously dividing
labile cells
10, 9, 7, 2
vitamin K dependent coag factors
ovary
heart base tumor
regress female mullerian ducts
what does mis do
ovary
otitis, conjunctivitis, pleural pneumonia
Pasturella multocida in rabbits causes what symptoms?
ventricular lumen increases
eccentric hypertrophy
endocardiosis
Bordatella bronchiseptica
what bacteria can cause atopic rhinitis in pig, cats and rodents
Testes Determining Factor (TDF)
what hormone determines testicles
liver, renal tubular, fibroblasts, endothelial, chondrocytes, osteocytes, CT
quiescent tissue examples
Lymphocytic myocarditis
pulmonary hypertension > pulmonary edema & erythrocytes pass out through vascular wall > erythrophagocytosis by alveolar macrophages > siderophages (contain hemosiderin)
left sided heart failure pathogenesis
simple cuboidal to columnar
normal prostatic epithelium shape
Section 6
(15 cards)