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AP Biology: Cell Communication

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Section 1

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apoptosis

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Mar 1, 2020

Cards (40)

Section 1

(40 cards)

apoptosis

Front

A program of controlled cell suicide, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activation of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.

Back

scaffolding protein

Front

A type of large relay protein to which several other relay proteins are simultaneously attached, increasing the efficiency of signal transduction.

Back

cytoplasm

Front

The contents of the cell, exclusive of the nucleus and bounded by the plasma membrane.

Back

ligand

Front

A molecule that specifically binds to another molecule, often a larger one.

Back

response

Front

The transduced signal finally triggers a specific cellular response.

Back

protein phosphatase

Front

An enzyme that removes phosphate groups from (dephosphorylates) proteins, often functioning to reverse the effect of a protein kinase.

Back

ligand

Front

A molecule that binds specifically to another molecule; often first step in cell communication. Water soluble ligands typically do not enter cell. Lipid soluble ligands (such as steroids) do enter the cell.

Back

second messengers

Front

Small, non-protein water soluble molecules or ions that send messages throughout the cells by diffusion.

Back

ligand-gated ion channel

Front

A protein pore in cellular membranes that opens or closes in response to A signaling chemical (its ligand), allowing or blocking the flow of specific ions.

Back

protein kinase

Front

The enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to protein.

Back

G-protein-linked receptor

Front

A plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G-protein.

Back

amplification

Front

The strengthening of stimulus energy during transduction.

Back

gap junction

Front

A type of intercellular junction in animals that allows the passage of materials between cells.

Back

G protein

Front

A GTP-binding protein that relays signals from a plasma membrane signal receptor, known as a G protein-coupled receptor, to other signal transduction proteins inside the cell.

Back

inositol trisphosphate (IP3)

Front

A second messenger that functions as an intermediate between certain nonsteroid hormones and a third messenger, a rise in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration.

Back

three stages of cell communication

Front

reception - receptor responds to binding of ligand molecule; transduction - translation and amplification of message; response - activation of cellular response

Back

g-linked protein receptor

Front

receives message for g-linked protein signaling pathway. Consists of seven alpha helices that span the plasma membrane. Changes shape when ligand molecule binds.

Back

receptor tyrosine kinase

Front

A receptor protein in the plasma membrane, the cytoplasmic (intracellular) part of which can catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a tyrosine on another protein. Receptor tyrosine kinases often respond to the binding of a signaling molecule by dimerizing and then phosphorylating a tyrosine on the cytoplasmic portion of the other receptor in the dimer. The phosphorylated tyrosines on the receptors then activate other signal transduction proteins within the cell.

Back

local regulators

Front

These regulators influence cells in the vicinity of them.

Back

transcription factor

Front

A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. The hormone-receptor complex becomes a transcription factor in the steroid transduction pathway.

Back

adenylyl cyclase

Front

Converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to an extracellular signal.

Back

signal transduction pathway

Front

The process by which a signal on a cell's surface is converted into a specific cellular response.

Back

local regulator

Front

A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is secreted. Used in paracrine and synaptic signaling.

Back

nitric oxide (NO)

Front

A gas produced by many types of cells that functions as a local regulator and as a neurotransmitter. So small that it is able to diffuse through plasma membrane.

Back

epinephrine

Front

water soluble ligand molecule; A catecholamine that, when secreted by the adrenal medulla, mediates "fight-or-flight" responses to short-term stresses; also released by some neurons as a neurotransmitter; also known as adrenaline.

Back

protein phosphatases

Front

Enzymes that can rapidly remove phosphate groups from proteins.

Back

hormones

Front

Circulating chemical signals that are formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells.

Back

ligand-gated ion channel

Front

Type of membrane receptor that has a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape.

Back

protein kinase

Front

An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein.

Back

testosterone

Front

A steroid hormone required for development of the male reproductive system, spermatogenesis, and male secondary sex characteristics; the major androgen in mammals. Pathway illustrates the mechanism for all steroid hormones.

Back

signal transduction pathway

Front

A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response. There are four types that we studied: g-protein linked reception; hormonal reception; receptor tyrosine kinase reception; pathways using second messengers (cAMP; calcium ions).

Back

transduction

Front

The binding of the signal molecule changes the receptor protein in some way.

Back

signal transduction

Front

The linkage of a mechanical, chemical, or electromagnetic stimulus to a specific cellular response.

Back

second messenger

Front

A small, nonprotein, water-soluble molecule or ion, such as a calcium ion (Ca2+) or cyclic AMP, that relays a signal to a cell's interior in response to a signaling molecule bound by a signal receptor protein.

Back

diacylglycerol (DAG)

Front

A second messenger produced by the cleavage of a certain kind of phospholipid in the plasma membrane.

Back

reception

Front

The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell.

Back

glycogen

Front

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch.

Back

growth factor

Front

(1) A protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and normal development of certain types of cells. (2) A local regulator that acts on nearby cells to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation.

Back

yeast

Front

Single-celled fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell; some species exhibit cell fusion between different mating types.

Back

receptor tyrosine kinase

Front

A receptor with enzymatic activity that can trigger more than one signal transduction pathway at once, helping the cell regulate and coordinate many aspects of cell growth and reproduction.

Back