AP Chemistry Bootcamp

fahrenheit to celsius

C = (F-32)/1.8

Specific Volume

Volume/Mass

Halogens

Nonmetals, Very Reactive, React with metals to form ionic compounds.

Alkali Metals

Very reactive so not found in nature usually. Low Melting Points, Low Density, Soft. 

Parts of Periodic Table

Number on top = Atomic Number, Letters = Symbol, Second Number = Atomic Mass

Compound

Combo of elements, can be decomposed, constant composition

Example: Water

Alkali Earth Metals

Less Reactive, Stronger, Higher Melting Point, More Dense.

fahrenheit to celsius

K = ((F-32)/1.8))+273.15

Protons, Electrons, Neutrons

Random Error

a measuremnt has an equal probability of being measure above or below true value

f

femto, base x 10^-15, 1 quadrillionth

Law of Multiple Proportions

When two Elements (A and B) form two different compounds, The Masses of B that Combine with 1g of A can be expressed as a ration of small whole numbers.

Nonmetals

Found in all 3 states, poor conductors, solids are brittle, become anions. RIGHT

Chemical Change

Creates a new substance with a different composition

Example: Rusting

k

kilo-, base x 10^3, 1thousand times

Elements

Only one type of atom, cannot be decomposed into simpler substances

Example: Oxygen

M

mega-, base x 10^6, 1million times

Z

Atomic Number, Number of Protons

Noble Gases

All gases at room temperature, Very unreactive, Not found as ions hard to change number of electron

Cations

Metals, Positively Charged, Less Electors, Name Name just with Ion at the end

Ions

Charged Atoms, Charge = Protons-Electrons

celsius to fahrenheit

F = C(1.8)+32

Metals

Solid at room temperature, except Hg. Shiny. Conduct Heat. Conduct Electricity. Malleable. Ductile. Form Cations. 75% of elements are metals. LEFT

m

milli-, base x 10^-3, 1 thousandth

Semiconductors

Show some properties of Metals and Nonmetals, super powerful. ZIGZAG

celsius to kelvin

K = C+273.15

Anions

Non Metals, Negatively Charged, More electrons --> Changes name to -ide. Flourine--> Flouride

Systematic Error

error occurs in the same direction each time

c

centi-, base x 10^-2, 1 hundredth 

Mass

Protons + Neutrons, when they are multiple isotopes find the weighted average

Nucleus

Very Dense, Almost all of the mass with very little volume

d

deci-, base x 10^-1, 1 tenth

Law of Conservation of Matter

Matter cannot be created nor destroyed. Total Mass of Reactants=Total Mass of Products.

Physical Change

Structure and Composition do not change

Example: Phase Changes

n

nano-, base x 10^-9, 1 billionth

Law of Definite Proportions

All samples of a given compound have the same proportions of their elements.

Where are the elements on the periodic table?

p

pico-, base x 10^-12, 1 trillionth

Specific Gravity 

Density of substance/Density of Water (1000kg/m^3)

Density

Mass/Volume

µ

micro-, base x 10^-6, 1 millionth

Types of Pure Substances

Elements, Compounds