Section 1
Preview this deck
In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach. a) intuitive b) scientific c) social d) environmental
Front
| 5 | 0 | ||
| 4 | 0 | ||
| 3 | 0 | ||
| 2 | 0 | ||
| 1 | 0 |
Active users
0
All-time users
0
Favorites
0
Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (126)
Section 1
(50 cards)
In its study of growth, change, and stability, lifespan development takes a(n) ______ approach. a) intuitive b) scientific c) social d) environmental
b) scientific
A lifespan developmentalist whose topical focus is the body's makeup is interested in _____ development. a) cognitive b) physical c) personality d) social
b) physical
Sigmund Freud is responsible for revolutionary ideas and the __________ theory. a) behavioral b) psychoanalytic c) phallic d) reality
b) psychoanalytic
If a developmental researcher is studying what the earliest memories that can be recalled from infancy are, or what the intellectual consequences of watching television are, in what developmental area is the researcher interested? a)social b)physical c)cognitive d)personality
c) cognitive
The predetermined unfolding of genetic information is known as a) nurture b) influences of the physical and social environment c) maturation d) conception
c) maturation
Biological and environmental influences that are similar for individuals in a particular age group, regardless of where they are raised, are called ______ influences. a) age-graded b) history-graded c) biological d) environmental
a) age-graded
A group of people who are born around the same time in the same place is called a(n) a) race b) cohort c) ethic group d) normative group
b) cohort
In Western culture, what age is considered young adulthood? a) 16 b) 18 c) 20 d) 21
d) 21
Researchers who use intellectual testing (IQ) as part of their research project with elementary age students are likely to be researching _________ development. a) personality b) cognitive c) social d) physical
b) cognitive
A researcher working with college-age football players is conducting a longitudinal study to examine an athlete's decline in physical performance as the athlete ages. What type of development would the researcher most likely be studying? a) cognitive b) personality c) physical d) social
c) physical
Broad, organized explanations and predictions concerning phenomena of interest are called _________________ and provide a framework for understanding the relationships among an organized set of facts or principles. a) concepts b) hypothesis c) theories d) perspectives
c) theories
"Nature" refers to a) traits, abilities and capacities inherited from parents b) biological forces within the environment that affect change c) how people's growth and change is affected at the cellular level d)socioeconomic surroundings that affect people's growth and change
a) traits, abilities and capacities inherited from parents
_______ development is the field of study that examines patterns of growth, change, and stability in behavior that occur throughout the entire lifespan. a) Biological b) Lifespan c) Psychological d) Research
b) Lifespan
Consider a situation where a woman comes down with a case of rubella (German measles) in the eleventh week of pregnancy, as opposed to the thirtieth week of pregnancy. The difference in the way rubella would affect the unborn child at these two times is an example of a) continuous change b) discontinuous change c) critical period d) sensitive period
c) critical period
When Allison was completing her medical forms in the doctor's office, she was asked to indicate her race. What may be an appropriate reason(s) for the question on the forms? a) to establish her skin color b) to establish her ethic/cultural heritage c) to establish her religion d) to establish biological factors
d) to establish biological factors
Walter is a college student who is about to graduate from college. At what age would he most likely consider that a substantial change is occurring in his life? a) when he turned 20 b) when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22 c) when he finished his junior year of high school at age 17 d) when he turns 26
b) when he leaves college and enters the workforce at age 22
In ___________, development is ________, with achievements at one level building on those of previous levels. a) discontinuous change; distinct b) continuous change; gradual c) discontinuous change; gradual d) continuous change; distinct
b) continuous change; gradual
A biological universal event that occurs at relatively the same time throughout all societies is an example of a) young adulthood b) puberty c) adulthood d) death
b) puberty
A student reads a flyer on the campus bulletin board that says a researcher is searching for students to volunteer for a long-term study. Participation includes completing testing that measures traits such as temperament, attitudes, and adaptability, as well as being available for follow-up for the next 10 years. The researcher who is developing this study is most likely interested in ___________ development. a) personality b) social c) cognitive d) physical
a) personality
Development that occurs in distinct steps or stages, with each stage bringing about behavior that is assumed to be qualitatively different from behavior at earlier stages is called _________ change. a) discontinuous b) continuous c) critical d) natural
a) discontinuous
A shared notion of reality that is widely accepted but is a function of society and culture at a given time is/are called a) topical areas of lifespan development b) social construction c) age ranges d) social development
b) social construction
_________ development involves the way in which individuals' interactions with others and their social relationships grow, change and remain stable over the course of life. a) cognitive b) physical c) personality d) social
d) social
Wilma used both cocaine and alcohol during her pregnancy, and this considered a ___________ impact upon environmental influences known as ________. a) biological; nurture b) biological; nature c) biological; maturation d) social; nature
a) biological; nurture
When discussing developmental diversity, what characteristic of good parenting do Mayan mothers consider essential? a) laying their infants down b) constant contact between themselves and their infant children c) constant nourishment of their children d) allowing their infants to cry
b) constant contact between themselves and their infant children
Biological and environmental factors that are associated with a certain historical event, such as the bombing of Pearl Harbor, can be considered a) age-graded influences b) history-graded influences c) sociocultural-graded influences d) non-normative life events
b) history-graded influences
Researchers in the early learning department of a university are conducting a long-term study to see how problem-solving skills change over time as school-age students move from elementary school to high school to college. What type of development are the researchers most likely studying? a) cognitive b) personality c) social d) physical
a) Cognitive
People who lived in New York City during the 9/11 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center experienced shared challenges due to the attack that are called ________ effects. a) biological b) environmental c) cohort d) millennial generation
c) cohort
When social and cultural factors affect an individual at a particular time and include variables as ethnicity, social class, and subcultural membership, these factors are called a) age graded influences b) non normative life events c) history graded influences d) sociocultural graded influences
d) sociocultural influences
A professor wants to examine the effectiveness of a new teaching approach. Her 9:00 a.m. class will be exposed to the new method of viewing teaching tapes while her 10:00 a.m. class will be exposed to traditional lectures. She will assess the students' progress after six sessions. What method is the professor using to conduct her experiment? a) intuitive b) biological c) environmental d) scientific
d) scientific
Lifespan development spans a range of interests that specialists in development can consider. A researcher wants to examine the effects of the 66-year-old woman's son's birth on long-range development. Which of the following could possibly be an area of interest? a) Investigating behavior at the level of biological processes to determine whether the infant's functioning was affected by the advanced age of his mother. b) Investigating DNA structure's influence on academic performance. c) Completing a cross-sectional study comparing males and females. d) Examining how exposure to music in utero would interfere with long-range personality structures.
a)Investigating behavior at the level of biological processes to determine whether the infant's functioning was affected by the advanced age of his mother.
In ____________ development, each stage is a) discontinuous change; distinct b) continuous change; distinct c) distinct change; discontinuous d) distinct change; gradual
a) discontinuous change; distinct
________ development involves the ways that the enduring characteristics that differentiate one person from another change over the life span. a) cognitive b) physical c) personality d) social
c) personality
Genetically-determined traits not only directly influence a child's ______, but also indirectly shape the child's _________. a) behavior; environment b) environment; behavior c) maturation; circumstances d) circumstances; maturation
a) behavior; environment
A specific time during development when a particular event has its greatest consequences and the presence of certain kinds of environmental stimuli is necessary for development to proceed normally is called a) discontinuous change b) continuous change c) critical period d) natural change
c) critical period
Freud proposed a theory that suggests that unconscious forces act to influence personality and behavior. This is called the ______ perspective a) psychosocial b) psychosexual c) psychoanalytic d) behavioral
c) psychoanalytic
In a ______, organisms are particularly susceptible to certain kinds of stimuli in their environments, but the absence of those stimuli does not always produce irreversible consequences. a) sensitive period b) continuous period c) critical period d) discontinuous change
a) sensitive period
To gain a clearer understanding, developmentalists must consider all of the following broad cultural factors except a) orientation toward individualism and collectivism b) ethic, racial, socioeconomic, and gender differences c) how progress in the domain of human diversity has actually regressed d) how subcultures are exactly like cultures in their views and attitudes
d) how subcultures are exactly like cultures in their views and attitudes
The concept of childhood as a special period did not exist during the ________ century a) 16th b) 17th c) 19th d) 20th
b) 17th
Advocates of the __________ perspective believe that much of behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts of which a person has little awareness or control. a) psychodynamic b) psychosocial c) behavioral d) psychosexual
a) psychodynamic
Environmental influences that shape behavior are referred to as a) nurture b) maturation c) nature d) social evolution
a) nurture
In May 2009, 66-year-old ________ gave birth to a 5-pound, 3-ounce infant a) Elizabeth Ardant b) Elizabeth Amino c) Elizabeth Adeney d) Elizabeth Adios
c) Elizabeth Adeney
Lifespan developmentalists typically look at which of the following areas? a) particular family b) a particular age range c) a particular town/city d) a particular country
b) a particular age range
A developmental researcher who is interested in studying what senses are used most often by a child or what the long-term results of premature birth are would be studying ___________ development. a) social b) physical c) personality d) cognitive
b) physical
________ development involves the ways that growth and change in intellectual capabilities influence a person's behavior. a) Cognitive b) Physical c) Personality d) Social
a) Cognitive
What type of lifespan developmentalist is interested in how a person who experiences a significant or traumatic event early in life would remember that event later in life? a) physical b) social c) cognitive d) personality
c) cognitive
The psychodynamic perspective is closely associated with a) freud b) erikson c) skinner d) piaget
a) freud
Which age range is considered a social construction and does not have a clear-cut boundary? a) infancy begins with birth b) adolescence starts with sexual maturity c) middle adulthood ends with retirement d) preschool period ends with entry into public school
c) middle adulthood ends with retirement
A researcher is interested in conducting a study to determine whether people who experienced a devastating event, such as a house fire where the family lost everything, suffer lasting effects from such devastation early in life. This researcher is interested in the ________ development of the subject(s). a) personality b) social c) cognitive d) physical
c) cognitive
The vast majority of lifespan development focuses on a) nonhuman species. b) test tube babies. c) biological and environmental development. d) human development.
d) human development
Race is what kind of concept? a) cognitive b) cultural c) biological d) social
c) biological
Section 2
(50 cards)
Freud believed that if children are unable to gratify themselves in a particular stage of development, or if they are over-gratified in a particular stage of development, ______ may occur. a) fixation b) conflict c) stages d) patterns
a) fixation
Piaget's two basic principles of growth in children's understanding of the world are a) reward and punishment b) schemes and assessments c) assimilation and accommodation d) cognitive and behavior
c) assimilation and accommodation
According to classical and operant conditioning, with their "black box" analyses, people and other organisms' behavior and learning are understood in terms of ________, _______ stimuli. a) insignificant; external b) observable;external c) significant;internal d) unobservable; internal
b) observable; external
Which developmental psychologist developed an approach that emphasizes learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model? a) skinner b) freud c) bandura d) watson
c) bandura
Which of the Bronfenbrenner's five levels represents broader influences, including societal institutions such as local government, community, schools, places of worship, and the local media? a) microsystem b) macrosystem c) mesosystem d) exosystem
d) exosystem
______ _______ is a formal technique for promoting the frequency of desirable behaviors and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones. a) punishment modification b) behavioral modification c) social-cognitive learning d) operant conditioning
c) social-cognitive learning
What theory contends that people have a natural capacity to make decisions about their lives? a) psychoanalytic b) behavioral c) humanistic d) social-cognitive learning theory
c) humanistic
Freud believed that the goal of the pleasure principle was to a)reduce satisfaction and maximize tension b) maximize satisfaction and reduce tension c) reduce inhibition and maximize unconscious awareness d) increase inhibition and reduce unconscious awareness
b) maximize satisfaction and reduce tension
Erikson proposed a ____________ theory, which emphasized that society and culture influence and shape us. a) psychosocial b) psychodynamic c) psychoanalytic d) behaviorial
a) psychosocial
What learning model seeks to identify the ways individuals take in, use, and store information? a) piaget b) neo-piaget c) information processing d)social-cognitive
c) information processing
Which of the Bronfenbrenner's five levels provides the connections between the various aspects of the person's life, like links in a chain, to bind children to parents, students to teachers, employees to bosses, and friends to friends? a) exosystem b) mesosystem c) microsystem d) macrosystem
b) mesosystem
Thom is an adolescent who has an awareness of uniqueness of self and knowledge of roles to be followed. He can be said to have passed through Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development. a) trust vs mistrust b) initiative vs guilt c) industry vs inferiority d) identity vs role diffusion
d) identity vs role diffusion
According to Freud, a series of stages that children pass through in which pleasure, or gratification, is focused on a particular biological function and body part is called a) psychosexual development b) the psychosexual approach c) the psychoanalytic theory d) the psychoanalytical approach
a) psychosexual development
A type of learning in which an organism responds in a particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally does not bring about that type of response is called a) classical conditioning b) behavioral perspective c) operant conditioning d) psychodynamic approach
a) classical conditioning
Who is considered the predominant theorist in cognitive development? a) piaget b) skinner c) bandura d) freud
a) piaget
Which approach to development suggests that there are five levels of the environment that simultaneously influence individuals? a) page's cognitive approach b) bronfenbrenners bioecological approach c) skinner's behavioral approach d) freud's psychoanalytical approach
b) bronfenbrenners bioecological approach
________ theories assume that people are affected by the environmental stimuli to which they are exposed, and developmental change is a) psychodynamic; qualitative b) psychosocial; quantitative c) developmental; qualitative d) behavioral; quantitative
d) behavioral; quantitative
Alice used to do her math homework regularly and studied hard for tests although she continued to have difficulty getting passing grades; disheartened, Alice began to put less effort into her math homework, and eventually she failed math. This is an example of what type of behavior? a) reinforcement b) classical c) social-cognitive d) punishment
d) punishment
What aspect(s) of development are NOT adequately addressed by the information-processing approach? a) creativity and social/cultural development b) continuous and discontinuous growth c) qualitative and quantitative development d) piagetian vs neo-piagetian theory
a) creativity and social/cultural development
Judy was bitten by a small brown and white dog when she was a little girl, and now every time she sees a small dog approaching her, she is fearful. Watson would say that Judy's reaction is a result of _________ conditioning. a) behavioral b) classical c) reinforcement d) psychosocial
b) classical
Psychoanalyst ________ provided an alternative psychodynamic view in his theory of psychosocial development. a) Skinner b) Freud c) Erikson d) Piaget
c) Erikson
Erikson argued that each of his stages presents a(n) ________ that the individual must resolve. a) crisis b) fixation c) dilemma d) interaction
a) crisis
The approach stating that behavior is motivated by inner forces, memories, and conflicts that are generally beyond peoples' awareness and control is called the a) clinical approach b) investigative approach c) psychodynamic perspective d) analytical perspective
c) psychodynamic perspective
Kimberly is a young woman who has a fear of relationships with others. She can be said to have had a negative outcome in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development. a) initiative vs guilt b) autonomy vs shame and doubt c) intimacy vs isolation d) generativity vs isolation
c) intimacy vs isolation
Susan learned at a young age that developing good study habits, such as doing her homework, brought about good grades, and made her want to work harder in school. This type of behavior is called a) learning theory b) classical conditioning c) reinforcement d) social cognitive
c) reinforcement
Which theorist(s) championed the idea of self-actualization? a) freud and erikson b) skinner and piaget c) rogers and maslow d) bandura
c) rogers and maslow
_________ conditioning, in which the response being conditioned is voluntary and purposeful, differs from _________ conditioning, where the response is automatic. a) social-cognitive; operant b) operant; classical c) classical; operant d) operant; social-cognitive
b) operant; classical
The introduction of an unpleasant or painful stimulus, or the removal of a desirable stimulus that decreases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur in the future is considered ________ learning. a) classical b) punishment c) social-cognitive d) reinforcement
b) punishment
What is the theory that considers the relationship between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personality, and social worlds? a) social-cognitive learning theory b) cognitive neuroscience c) contextual perspective d) bioecological perspective
c) contextual perspective
A form of learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its association with positive or negative consequences is called a) behavioral perspective b) psychodynamic perspective c) operant conditioning d) classical conditioning
c) operant conditioning
Which type of approach grew out of the development of electronic processing of information, where even complex behavior such as learning, remembering, categorizing, and thinking can be broken down into a series of individual, specific steps? a) information processing b) social-cognition learning c) classical conditioning d) behavioral modification
a) information processing
Which of the following suggests that unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior? a) psychosexual development b) pleasure principle c) reality principle d) psychoanalytic theory
d) psychoanalytic theory
The __________ ________ suggests that keys to understanding development are observable actions and outside stimuli in the environment. a) psychodynamic perspective b) behavioral perspective c) psychoanalytical theory d) behavioral theory
b) behavioral perspective
Behavior modification depends upon what principle? a) operant conditioning b) social-cognitive conditioning c) classical conditioning d) stimulus conditioning
a) operant conditioning
__________ focuses on the processes that allow people to know, understand, and think about the world. a) classical conditioning b) the behavioral perspective c) operant conditioning d) the cognitive perspective
d) the cognitive perspective
Freud believed that the _____ is the part of the personality that is rational and reasonable. a) id b) superego c) conscious d) ego
d) ego
What did Piaget call the process in which changes occur in the existing way a child thinks in response to encounters with new stimuli or events? a) assimilation b) accommodation c) cognition d) schemes
b) accommodation
Who was one of the first American psychologists to advocate a behavioral approach to development? a) Skinner b) Watson c) Piaget d) Erikson
b) Watson
An information processing approach that builds on Piaget's research is known as _______ theory because it considers cognition as made up of different types of individual skills. a) behavioral b) operant c) classical d) neo-piagetian
d) neo-piagetian
What is the perspective that suggests that different levels of the environment simultaneously influence individuals? a) cognitive neuroscience b) humanistic perspective c) contextual perspective d) bioecological approach
d) bioecological approach
Operant conditioning was formulated and championed by a) freud b) skinner c) bandura d) rogers
b) skinner
According to this perspective, the ability of humans to make choices and come to decisions about their lives is called a) free will b) societal standards c) postive regard d) self-actualization
a) free will
Which of the Bronfenbrenner's five levels represents the larger cultural influences on an individual? a) macrosystem b) microsystem c) exosystem d) mesosystem
a) macrosystem
Ralph watches the other kindergarten students receive stickers and other rewards from the teacher for sitting at their desks and completing their work. Soon, Ralph begins to behave like the other kindergarten students. This is what type of learning? a) modeling b) reinforcement c) extinction d) imitation
a) modeling
Who was a major proponent of the humanistic perspective and suggested that all people need positive regard that results from an underlying wish to be loved and respected? a) bandura b) rogers c) maslow d) freud
b) rogers
_________ is(are) a theory of how human thinking is organized into mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions. a) assimilation b) schemes c) accommodation d) assessments
b) schemes
What did Piaget call the process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking? a) cognition b) accommodation c) schemes d) assimilation
d) assimilation
As Warren looks back over his long life, he feels a sense of unity in his life's accomplishments. He can be said to be in Erikson's ________ stage of psychosocial development. a) industry vs inferiority b) ego-integrity vs despair c) identity vs role diffusion d) generatively vs stagnation
b) ego-integrity vs despair
A historical event, such as the terrorist attacks in New York in September of 2001, would be considered by Bronfenbrenner to fall within which system? a) macrosystem b) mesosystem c) exosystem d) chronosystem
d) chronosystem
Roger likes to buy lottery tickets regularly because he occasionally wins. This is an example of ________ behavior. a) reinforcement b) classical conditioning c) operant conditioning d) social-cognitive
a) reinforcement
Section 3
(26 cards)