Section 1
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When is a rational decision present during aspects of terrorism?
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Date created
Mar 14, 2020
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Section 1
(50 cards)
When is a rational decision present during aspects of terrorism?
It's present in all aspects
what does the first floor revolve around?
attempts at social mobility - driven by the perceived unfair conditions and relative deprivation, this person is seeking solutions and opportunities to correct the injustice.
What happens by expanding the moral engagement?
the target is branded as an outsider or "them"
Second floor (aka third step) involves?
the potential terrorist learning to displace his anger or aggression. Once a person has learned to displace his aggression, and he seeks out opportunities to act on his aggression, he is ready to advance to the next step.
What allows an organization to recruit and indoctrinate potential terrorist and subverts individuals belief systems to align with the moral FW of the organization?
moral engagement
what may end the climb of the staircase?
if opportunities for legitimate improvement and correction of the perceived loss are available
What is the inherent problem with Martin's definition regarding terrorism?
The structure of an organization should not be determining factor in determining terrorism, Martin's reference to cell-based structures would preclude the single actors or "lone wolf" phenomena. If terrorist have to be part of cell-based structure then neither Richard Reid the shoe bomber, nor Major Hasan the Fort Hood shooter, could be called terrorist.
what was the connotation of terrorism during the 1700-1800s?
The term has a positive connotation and was embraced to describe revolutionary actions.
What has the UN been advocating for world leaders to solve?
the riddle of perspective vs action
recurring elements in global definitions of terrorism
-violence or force -political -fear -threats
What is the fourth floor of the staircase model?
The person has fully entered the terrorist organization and is developing skills and abilities to further the goals of the group.
What does the fourth floor cement?
the "us versus them" mindset and prepares individuals for the fifth and final floor
example of relative deprivation
someone with expectations or threat of losing what little he has is suffering
Staircase to Terrorism Model
describes the psychological process that leads to terrorism using the metaphor of climbing a staircase
What is the fifth (and final) floor prepare the terrorist for?
for the terrorist to carry out an attack that will cause injury. At this time they are trained to kill or use a variety of violent methods
what happens during cognitive reconstrual?
the morals of an individual are changed - this includes dehumanizing any human targets, creating a psychological bridge that makes killing easier
What did Martha Crenshaw write about?
wrote that terrorism is a group activity
vicious diplomacy
ti exploit its diplomacy - the power to hurt its bargaining power
When was the terrorist model created?
after examining specifically islamic extremist and terrorist
Why do terrorist resort to secretive violence? (Gibbs)
they seek goals that they perceive as realizable only through such violence
if a person experiences relative deprivation -
overall dissatisfaction may lead the person to proceed to the first floor
focus of DoD definition
fear and coercion
When do you get a unique and interesting attempt at defining terrorists?
when you combine psychological traits with acts of extraordinary violence
explantation of staircase metaphor
an individual person begins on the ground floor, and through various conditions and decisions climbs upwards, with each incremental step taking the person closer to terrorism. This type of decision making, though only having a single path, has proven useful in explaining behavior along a rational choice path.
Robespierre emphasized that terrorism was a combination of
virtue and terror.
Is terror for the sake of fear and without purpose a form of terrorism?
No, acts like sandy hook are not terrorism but random acts of extraordinary violence.
What is the staircase model designed to accomplished?
an explanatory fw- a tool to help us understand the progression of the person to extremism and terrorism
What is the third floor of the staircase model?
it introduces a would-be-terrorist to an actual terrorist organization.
who developed the Staircase to Terrorism Model
Fathali Moghaddam (2005)
What is the inherent problem with Lacquer's question regarding legitimate terrorism?
In theory, if there is real tyranny occurring, a small group should not be the only ones recognizing or acting against it. In the cases of real tyranny, like you might find under a dictator, shouldn't the world audience recognize it as such and come to the aid of those being tyrannized?
problems with the staircase model:
1. the implication that progression is predetermined (rather the path of radicalization is varied) 2. the model does not allow a person to skip a step, implying that every terrorist will experience all phases of the model
hyper nationalistic
a fervent love of your own nation
How has the overusing of the term in the 1970's affected the status quo implications?
The vagueness as to what terrorism really is still holds in today's environment
Who is Carl von Clausewitz?
a famous war theoretician who stated that war is comprised of "primordial violence, hatred and enmity which are to be regarded as blind, natural force"
what does psychological research into terrorism look at?
looks at terrorism as a tool, rather than a syndrome or condition - this minimizes the attempts to identify the root causes of terrorism ad instead looks at terrorist attacks as a weapon or a technique
relative deprivation
loss or perceived loss that is disproportionate to the rest of society
Thomas Schelling wrote
that military force can be used to inflict "hurt" on an enemy, and the fear of that hurt can motivate the opponent to avoid it
ground floor of the staircase model
where many of us reside - focus on material conditions, self improvements within society.
What is the moral aspect of terrorism?
the focus on hyper nationalistic and xenophobic messages that glorify mass murder and martyrdom.
What do terrorist look like when they've reached the fifth floor?
they are: motivated, trained, morally prepared, supported by an entire organization, and very dangerous
what is fascinating about the FBI's defintion of international terrorism?
the presence of the terms assassination and kidnapping
Who coined the term terrorism?
Maximillian Robespierre during the Reign of Terror
Syndrome Models
based on discovering the "root cause" of terrorism; factors such as poverty, lack of education, declining GDP
Limitation of the definition under US law, title 22
the victim pool - they must be noncombatants (we can no longer call attacks on US soldiers abroad "terrorism" if they were committed by politically motivated groups
What is cognitive reconstrual?
the reworking of our values and norms
What is the rational choice model?
illustrates that human acts are beneficial - they work towards their own self interest. Can apply to intangible rewards, like furthering a cause.
The affects of overusing the word terrorism?
absolute dilution
moral engagement
the new recruit aligns himself with the moral beliefs of the terrorist organization.
When we overthrow the terms "terrorism, terrorist and terrorizing" we?
make it difficult to understand the specific character of what terrorism really is.
punctuated events
are high profile and notable (for example, bombings, government crackdowns...)
Section 2
(26 cards)