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Week 1 Language Structure

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Section 1

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Double Articulation

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7 years ago

Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (29)

Section 1

(29 cards)

Double Articulation

Front

: language uses a small number of sounds to create a (large) finite number of words that can be formed into an infinite number of sentences

Back

Morphology

Front

how sounds are put together to form words

Back

prescriptive

Front

stating what is right and what is wrong in language. Seek to impose arbitrary rules that come from outside the language and seek to preserve a stage of the language that has been left behind the evolution of language itself

Back

Synchronic

Front

studies how language functions at any given moment in time is not concerned with origin

Back

Semantics

Front

deals with the meanings of words, sentences, and texts

Back

descriptive

Front

consists of describing facts Misunderstanding that they have no rules, but it is dedicated to describing the rules of the language Seek to find the rules that govern the language spoken by the people

Back

Phonology

Front

how the sounds are organized

Back

minimal pair

Front

2 words of different meaning that differ in only one phoneme. Must have different meaning & differ in one sound. Allows us to identify phonemes

Back

Phoneme

Front

people have a mental picture of a sound so no sound is exactly the same but we can recognize they are all variations of one letter all of these variations are called allophones

Back

Cultural transmission

Front

not all aspects of language are innate; some are taught after birth and differ according to the culture the child is reared in

Back

Phonetics

Front

the sound of language

Back

Pragmatics

Front

deals with how sentences and texts are used in the world

Back

Split Infinitives

Front

traditional rules say that one should not put something between "to" and the rest of the verb Not entirely correct because the meaning of the sentence could be completely different if the infinitive is not split depending on where the adverb is placed

Back

Phonation

Front

analyzes what the larynx is doing Voiceless sound: open vocal cords (no vibration) Voiced sound: vibrating vocal cords [z] Whisper: small opening in the back Glottal stop: closed (sound between two sounds ex. Uh oh) The nasal cavity may or may not be involved depending on if the soft palate (velum) is open. If opened the air flows through the nose: nasalization all nasals are voiced in English In other languages there could be nasalized vowels but in English they are on continuants

Back

Syntax

Front

deals with how sentences are formed

Back

Arbitrariness

Front

there is no necessary connection between the sound and the meaning of the word. Ex. Dog & the meaning of the word dog

Back

linguistic competence

Front

ability to produce a word & what you know about a word The language that the speakers have in their mind i-language

Back

Specialization

Front

speaking requires only a limited part of the of the speaker's behavior/attention and is independent of its context

Back

Discreteness

Front

the difference between language units are an all-or-nothing kind. Ex. A sound cannot be heard as something between a b or p sound

Back

Double Negatives

Front

was invented in 1762 by Robert Lowth but it not actually true because double negatives are used in spoken English, but are not typically used in written English. There are a few times when double negatives do not affirm proving that the rule does not always work. This rule doesn't make sense historically and doesn't always apply where it should, proving that it was an issue of social class and good manners

Back

Displacement

Front

language can be used to talk about things that are not present or do not exist. Language can be used to lie

Back

Interchangeability

Front

an individual can be a hearer or a speaker

Back

postpones prepositions

Front

postponed prepositions are really difficult to fix when asking wh- sentences, which is why the preposition needs to be at the end of the sentence. Similar issues arise when using infinitive clauses and passive voice.

Back

airstream

Front

lungs, diaphragm, and trachea. Most sounds come from the airstream & this is the case for all the sounds of English Occlusion: Flow of air in the vocal tract could be interrupted Clicks: not produced with airstream. Created with a temporary chamber of resonance in the mouth & occlusion is released

Back

Diachronic

Front

Studies how language changes through time, traces the word back to its origin (etymology), and reconstructs languages that are no longer spoken by comparing them to other languages that came from them

Back

Articulation

Front

modification of the sounds produced by the other three processes. Deals with lip, tongue, and teeth Vowel: no obstruction Stops: complete obstruction Fricatives: continuants with partial occlusion. Air rubs against walls of the vocal tract & sound waves are broken. Creates hissing sound Can only fit into one type of articulation. Sounds that share a phonological feature make up natural class

Back

linguistic performance

Front

is actually saying the word and the sounds you articulate and make The language that is spoken, written, or signed e-language

Back

Text linguistics

Front

deals with units larger than sentences, such as paragraphs and texts

Back

Productivity

Front

can produce novel sentences that have never been uttered before

Back