Section 1
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Pascal's Principle
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Cards (106)
Section 1
(53 cards)
Pascal's Principle
pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluid, and walls of container pressure = force/area
Centripetal Force Equation
F = mv^2/r = 4π^2r/T^2
Ohm's Law
V = IR
3 common ways to transfer electrical charge
Conduction, induction, friction
Insulators
materials that prevent electric charges from flowing through them easily, electrons held tightly by atoms, glass, pure water, wood, plastic
Ampere's Law
Magnetic field created by an electric current is proportional to the size of that current with a constant of proportionality equal to the permeability of free space
Ammeter
A device used to measure current in a circuit, used in series
Hooke's Law
F = -kx
Capacitance
C = Q/V. Depends on area of plates, distance between them, and medium (dialectric)
Kepler's Third Law
Square of the period of the planet is proportional to the cube of the semi major axis of orbit T^2 ~ r^3 only variable not constant is mass
Conductors
materials that allow electric charges to flow through them easily, electrons flow freely, metals
electric potential
the difference in electrical charge between two points in a circuit expressed in volts
Elastic
KE conserved & p conserved
Bernoulli's Equation
If no external energy input, increased v means decrease in fluid pressure, or increased pressure means decreased v, explains lift force on aircraft wings
Potentiometer
A type of variable resistor that can be adjusted to control voltage or current in a circuit
Induction
Charge transfer due to magnetic field
Electric Motor
Reverse of generator - use ac current that causes coil to rotate creating torque
Electromotive force
A force that maintains a potential difference between 2 locations in a circuit, battery, solar cell, generator
Charge transfer due to friction
Electrons transferred from one material to the other leaving them with equal and opposite charges
Inelastic
KE not conserved, real life, heat, deformation, p conserved, perfectly inelastic bodies combine to form one
Parallel Circuits
1 bulb out rest stay lit
Impulse Equation
I = Ft or change in momentum
Centripetal Velocity Equation
v = 2πr/T
Momentum Equation
p = mv
Conduction
The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.
Pitch
How high or low a sound is, high pitch equals high frequency
Lenz's Law
The induced current must be in a direction that opposes the change that produced it.
Ideal Fluids
Steady flow ( same v), consistent density, nonviscous ( flow easily without resistance), no rotation
Voltmeter
A device used to measure voltage, or electrical potential energy difference, used in parallel
Galvanometer
A device that uses a solenoid to measure small amounts of current
Gauss's Law
Electric flux is directly related to the charge enclosed by the surface q/Eo = E*A (flux); where E is electric field, Eo is permitivity constant, and A is area
Kepler's Second Law
A line joining a planet and the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of time, planet moves slower when its farthest from the sun
Kirchhoff's Current Law
The total current in a parallel circuit equals the sum of the individual branch currents I = I1 + I2 + I3, voltage constant across all loops
Equation of Continuity
Flow is faster when tube gets narrower
Capacitor
Stores energy in electric fields, two oppositely charged parallel plates separated by a medium (dialectric)
Series Circuits
1 bulb out all out
Work Energy Theorem
W = ∆KE
Electric Field Equation
E = F/q (N/c)
Kirchoff's Law
Current constant over resisters in series, add voltage drops for total voltage, v = v1 + v2 + v3
Biot-Savart Law
dB = (µ₀ I dI x r ̂ ) / 4πr² -relates magnetic fields to the currents which are their sources, gives magnitude and direction of magnetic field of each infitesimal element of current, can be used for RC circuits
Refraction of light
occurs when wave of light passes from one medium to another and the light wave is bent or refracted.
Kepler's First Law
Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus
AC Circuits
Non constant voltage usually in sinusoidal pattern
Archimedes' Principle
the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object (ability to float depends on density compared to fluid, if fluid has higher density object floats)
Centripetal Acceleration Equation
a = v^2/r = 4π^2r/T = rw^2
Parallel Circuit Resistance
Total resistance smaller than smallest resistor R = 1/(1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3)
right hand rule
Thumb points in direction of current, fingers circle wire to show magnetic field
Semiconductor
Partially conduct charge, silicon, germanium, conduction can be controlled by temperature
Faraday's Law
An electric field is induced in any region of space in which a magnetic field is changing with time. Voltage depends on number of loops in wire
Transformers
Allow power to be exchanged between two circuits through electromagnetic induction - magnetic field produced by rotating coils produces current in other wire
Section 2
(52 cards)
Bohr Model
model of an atom that shows electrons in circular orbits around the nucleus, electrons jump between levels nearly instantly- quantum leaps
Isotopes
Atoms with same atomic number but different atomic mass
isobaric process
constant pressure
visible light waves
380nm (violet) to 740nm (red)
DeBroglie Hypothesis
every particle that is moving has both a mass and a wave associated to it
Spectroscopy
Identifying element by color of photon absorbed or emitted
convex mirror
A mirror with a surface that curves outward, small image right side up
Heisenberg uncertainty principle
it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time
natural frequency
the frequency at which a system naturally oscillates
Entropy
A measure of disorder or randomness.
Radiation
The direct transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
Snell's Law
the ratio between the angle of incidence and the angle of refraction
Convection
The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid
beta decay
Radioactive decay where beta particle (high energy electron or positron) emitted, up quark coverts to down or vice versa
adiabatic process
, temp change due to pressure or volume
Latent heat
heat absorbed or radiated during a change of phase at a constant temperature and pressure
rutherford scattering experiment
nucleus takes up a small proportion of the atom, positive alpha particles strongly repelled, rebound at high angles, led to planetary model of atom
Resonance
Excitation force is same as natural frequency and object receives all the energy from the force
total magnification
Multiply Magnification of lenses
first law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
specific heat equation
Q = mcΔT c= specific heat, m = mass, T= temp, Q= heat input
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
if system A + B are in thermal eq. with system C, they are also in thermal eq. with each other
isothermal process
constant temperature, and product of pressure and volume, internal energy remains constant
Lasers
Work similar to phosphorescence
Ideal Gas Law Equation
PV=nRT P = pressure, V = volume, n = moles of gas, T = temp, R = universal gas constant
Atomic spectrum dynamics
Electrons have specific allowed energy levels, they gain or lose energy by absorbing or emitting photons
half-life
length of time required for half of the radioactive atoms (half the mass) in a sample to decay
atomic mass
Number of protons and neutrons
photoelectric effect
Emission of electrons from a metal when light shines on a metal.
Rainbows
tiny droplets of water in the sky act as prisms and disperse the light because the speed of light in water depends on wavelength so each refracts different and seperates
elastic limit
Maximum stress that a material will withstand without permanent deformation.
Temperature
Amount of heat a substance contains
Dispersion
Wave propagation in a new medium depends on wavelength- prism
alpha decay
radioactive decay by emission of an alpha particle (2 protons, 2 neutrons) - fission
Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio/tv, micro, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, gamma (high freq)
Ultrasound machines use
Echolocation
Atomic Number (Z)
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
radioactive decay
A spontaneous process in which unstable nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation
Power voltage Equation
P = IV
subtracting vectors
Tails together, resultant from head of subtractor to head of what it's subtracted from (opp of add)
Kinetic Molecular Theory of gas
Pressure exerted by a gas is due to numerous collisions of molecules with one another and the container walls, faster molecules = higher pressure
magnifying glass
Convex lens - image right side up if between focal point and lens, upside down if beyond focal point
Emissivity (e)
A measure of how well something absorbs & emits electromagnetic radiation, dark surfaces high e, shiny or reflective low e
Bosons
Most common is photon, integer spin
Heat
Thermal energy, measure of KE of atoms, measured in J
Solenoid
A coil of wire with an electric current inside it
second law of thermodynamics
Natural tendency of all things toward disorder than order
Electric fields flow
From positive to negative
Fermions
Particles with a half - integer quantum spin number, leptons & quarks
Third Law of Thermodynamics
No system can reach absolute zero
Section 3
(1 card)