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(AP Biology) Chapter 26

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Section 1

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Branch Points

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Biology Science

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Date created

Mar 1, 2020

Cards (31)

Section 1

(31 cards)

Branch Points

Front

Shows where the divergence of two evolutionary organisms are from a common ancestor.

Back

Cladistics

Front

The common ancestry is the primary criterion used to classify organisms. Scientists group species in Clades: each of which includes an ancestral species and all of its transcendence.

Back

Outgroup

Front

The species or group of species from an evolutionary lineage that is known to have diverged before the lineage that includes the species that is being studied.

Back

Ingroup

Front

The species or group of species that is known to have emerged after the outgroup.

Back

Taxonomy

Front

How organisms are named and classified.

Back

Homologies

Front

Similarities due to shared ancestry. Morphological divergence between related species can be great and their genetic divergence small. (Or vice versa).

Back

Phylocode

Front

Classification based solely on evolutionary history, which only name groups that include a common ancestor and its descendants.

Back

Monophyletic

Front

All descendants and ancestral species, this is the only way a clade can be equivalent with a taxon.

Back

Shared Ancesteral Character

Front

A character that originated in an ancestor of the taxon. Ex. All mammals have backbones, but the presence of a backbone doesn't make it a mammal as all vertebrates have backbones.

Back

Paraphyletic

Front

Consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all of its descendants.

Back

Sister Taxa

Front

Organisms that share an imidiate common ancestor.

Back

Polyphyletic

Front

includes taxa with different ancestors.

Back

Maximum Parsimony

Front

"Occars Razor" The method of investigating the simplest explanation that is consistent to the facts.

Back

Maximum Likelihood

Front

States that given certain rules about how DNA changes over time, a tree can be found that reflects the most likely sequence of evolutionary events.

Back

Binomial

Front

Genus + specific epithet(unique for each species in a genus).

Back

Character/Characteristics

Front

Another word for Trait or Traits.

Back

Analogy

Front

Similarity due to convergent evolution rather than shared ancestry. (Not related, but have similar features.) Ex. A bird's wing and a Bats wing.

Back

Phylogeny

Front

Evolutionary history of a species or a group of species.

Back

Taxon

Front

Named taxonic unit at any level of hierarchy.

Back

What can we learn from the phylogenetic trees and what can't we learn?

Front

Only what common ancestor lived first, though not the time of evolvement. Can not answer what evolved from what, only that they share a common ancestor.

Back

Phylogenetic Tree

Front

Branching diagram explaining the evolutionary history of a group of organisms.

Back

Polytomy

Front

The branch point where more than two descendent groups emerge, though indicates data on decedent taxa not yet clear.

Back

Homoplasy (Homoplasies)

Front

The analogous structure that arose independently. "The bird's wing and bats wing are analogous. This is an example of Homoplasy."

Back

Order of Classification

Front

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

Back

Rooted

Front

The common ancestor to the farthest left that was the common ancestor to all the taxa after it.

Back

Systematics

Front

Focused on classifying organisms and determining their evolutionary relationship.

Back

Evolutionary Molecular Homologies

Front

If the DNA sequence and length are similar in two species then they are most likely closely related.

Back

Decent with Modification

Front

Organisms both share characteristics from ancestors but also differ from them.

Back

Convergent Evolution

Front

Occurs when similar environmental pressures and Natural selection produce similar (Analogous) adaptation in organisms from different evolutionary divergences.

Back

Molecular Systematics

Front

The Discipline that uses DNA and other molecular data to determine evolutionary history.

Back

Shared Derived Character

Front

An evolutionary novelty unique to a particular clade. Ex. Mammals have the character of hair which isn't seen in earlier ancestors.

Back