Section 1
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Commodities
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Date created
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Cards (155)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Commodities
natural resources that have to be extracted and purified rather than created. i.e mineral ores
Non-renewable resources
those that cannot be replenished, such as oil and coal. Cannot be replaced once they have been burned.
Rocky Mountains Peak
Mt. Elbert
Andes
Mountain range in South America
Earth's Highest Waterfall
Angel Falls
Earth's driest
Atacama Desert
Cascade Mountains Peak
Mt. Rainier--contains Mount Saint Helens active volcano
3 distinguished ancient civilizations
Sumerians, Egyptians, Indus Valley
Ural Peak
Narodnaya
Cartography
the art and science of drawing maps
Baltic Sea
Sea located between Finland, Sweden, Germany and Poland
Natural Resources
things provided by nature that have commercial value to humans, such as minerals, energy, timber, fish, wildlife and landscape.
The Sumerians
Inhabitants of early Mesopotamia. Prominent Civilization during 4,000 BC-1500 BC Developed cuneiform, the oldest example of writing on earth. Recorded laws, religious beliefs, hymns, prayers etc. Wrote mathematical systems in cuneiform. Advanced the development of the wheel and irrigation. Barter system.
Mt. Everest
Earth's highest point
Sierra Nevada Peak
Mt. Whitney
Earth's wettest
India
Earth's largest desert
Sahara
Mekong River
River located in Southeast Asia passing through Cambodia and Vietnam
Earth's coldest
Antartica
Himalayas Peak
Mt. Everest
Dead Sea
Earth's lowest point
Egyptians
Existed around 3,000 BC Predicted flooding and controlled irrigation. Grew surplus crops, which gave them extra leisure time. Developed writing. Farmed minerals. Lived in fertile valley of the Nile River. Trading network. Developed military to defend against attacks. Effective system of medicine. Settled
Yangtze River
River in China
Thematic map
shows data based on a theme such as population density, wildlife distribution, economic trends etc.
Appalachian Mountains Peak
Mt. Mitchell
5 major oceans
Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern
Ural
mountain Range in Russia
Amazon River
River located in Brazil
3 Major US Mountain Ranges
Appalachian, Rocky, Sierra Nevada
Ganges River
River located in India
Himalayas
Mountain Range in Asia.
Coral Sea
Sea located between the Pacific Ocean and Australia, bordering Fiji and New Zealand
Alps
Mountain Range in Central Europe
Caribbean Sea
Sea located between the Gulf Of Mexico and Brazil.
Earth's hottest
Ethiopia
Lake Victoria
Lake located in Africa
Mediterranean Sea
Sea located between Africa and Europe. Bordering Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey
Canal
Artificial waterways constructed by humans to connect two larger water bodies. i.e. Panama and Suez
Rhine River
River located in Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland.
Earth's largest Canyon
Grand Canyon
base map
Created from aerial and field surveys. Serve as the starting point for thematic and topographic maps.
Andes Peak
Aconcagua
Caspian Sea
Sea bordering Russia, Kazakhstan and Iran
Topgoraphic map
show the natural and human-made surface features of the earth, including mountain elevations, rivers, roads, names of lakes and towns etc.
Indus Valley
Existed 3300-1700 BC. in South East Asia -which is modern day Northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and Northwest India. Developed new techniques in handicraft and metallurgy. Known for their urban planning, baked brick houses, elaborate drainage systems, water supply systems and clusters of large non-residential buildings. Unified culture of luxury and refinement.
Earth's longest reef
Great Barrier Reef
Renewable Resources
these can be replenished, such as wind, solar radiation, tides, and water.
Pyramids
Built as graves for pharaohs who were believed to continue ruling in the after-life.
Alps Peak
Mt. Blanc
Nile River
River located in Egypt
Section 2
(50 cards)
Hades/Pluto
god of the underworld and the dead
Ancient Greece
dominated by two city-states: Athens and Sparta.
Eros/Cupid
minor god of love
Hellenistic Age
period known for Alexander the Great's military expansion.
Periclean Age
philosophy of socrates. medical work of hippocrates.
Petrach
An italian scholar, writer and key figure in northern Italy, which is where the Renaissance started and where chief patrons came form the merchant class.
Hestia/Vesta
goddess of the hearth or home
Aphrodite/Venus
goddess of love and beauty
Poseidon/Neptune
god of the seas
Apollo
god of the sun, law, music, archery, healing, and truth
William Shakespeare
A renowned playwright and poet during the renaissance period.
The Crusades
recurring wars between European Christians and Middle East Muslims raged over the Holy Lands.
Hera/Juno
Wife of Zeus/Jupiter, goddess of marriage
Johannes Kepler
German scientist who played a key role in the 17th Century scientific revolution, influencing Sir Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation.
Age of Exploration
Age of Exploration
Middle Ages/Medieval Times
a period that ran from 500-1500 AD. Center of European civilization moved from Mediterranean countries to France, Germany and England where strong national governments were developing. characterized by knights with systems of honor, combat and chivalry who were loyal to their king. Peasants or serfs served a particular lord and his lands. Many universities established.
Caste System
India's system of classification of hierarchical ranks.
Desiderius Erasmus
Catholic theologian known as the "Prince of the humanists" Raised questions about the teachings of the church and was critical of the abuses of the church. Advocated reform as well as a middle path between the Catholic and Protestant movements.
Giovanni de Verrazano and Jacques Cartier
two Frenchmen who explored the North American coast and the St. Lawrence Seaway for France
Charles the Great/Charlemagne
one of the legendary leaders who created an empire across France and Germany around 800 A.D.
Paracelsus
Swiss-German physician and leading health reformer considered the "Luther of Medicine" for rebelling against the medical orthodoxy of the medieval ages, emphasizing practical experience rather than ancient scriptures.
Leonardo da Vinci
Artist and inventor of the Renaissance period best known for "The Last Supper" and "Mona Lisa".
Anglicanism
arose in England with the English Reformation. formed due to King Henry X111 splitting from the cCatholic Church after his request for a annulment from Catherine of Aragon was denied by the Pope.
Galileo
Created on of the first modern telescopes.
Factory System
The __________ ___________ concentrated workers in cities and towns, due to the need to be located near waterpower and transportation (alongside waterways, roads, or railways). Due to this implementation, the movement toward industrialization often led to crowded, substandard housing and poor sanitary conditions for the workers.
The Black Death
a plague that swept across Europe from 1347-1350, leaving between 1/3 and 1/2 of the population dead.
The Holy Roman Empire
Existed from 962 to 1806 Otto the Great reunited most of the lands of Charlemagne's empire. Otto involved the church in his government but tried unsuccessfully to limit it's power. Many church leaders were corrupted by the power, and bought and sold positions-simony.
Greek/Roman Mythological system
Nicholas Copernicus
A renaissance mathematician and astronomer who taught that earth revolved around the sun--which placed him in opposition to the established teachings of the church.
Dionysus/Bacchus
god of wine and vegetation
Renaissance
describes the renewal of interest in ancient Greek and Latin art, literature, philosophy that occurred in Europe, especially Italy, from the 14th-16th centuries. A time of great scientific inquiry, the rise of individualism, extensive geographical exploration, and the rise of secular values.
The Protestant Reformation
Many critics of the Roman Catholic church joined together throughout Europe in attempt of reformation, but instead ended in separation. Led by Martin Luther, with John Calvin and John Wesley following suit. Opposed practices of indulgence and clerical positions. (Church was essentially selling spots in heaven). Opposed arbitrary rules and practices being the only path to heaven. Reformers disagreed amongst themselves and split up amongst their different doctrinal beliefs, resulting in Lutheran, Reformed, Calvinist, Puritans and Presbyterian churches were founded.
Athena/Minerva
goddess of civilized life, handicrafts, and agriculture
Raphael
Prominent artist during the Renaissance period best known for his "Madonnas".
Sir Thomas More
A humanist author of Utopia- a politically philosophical work of fiction describing the perfect imaginary world. Executed for refusing to accept Henry Viii as head of the church of England.
Calvinists-John Calvin
large sect of Protestants that believed in predestination that eternal salvation is predetermined. Believed in the elect joining God in heaven.
Athens
had a democratic form of government and is known as leaders of philosophy and the arts. Famous for it's architecture, namely the Parthenon. celebrated achievements of individuals.
Artemis/Diana
goddess o the moon, wild creatures, and hunting
Michelangelo
Prominent artist during the Renaissance period. Best known for his David sculpture and his work on the Sistne Chapel
Hephaestus/Vulcan
god of fire, blacksmith
Hermes/Mercury
Minor god of gracefulness and swiftness
Sparta
ancient city devoted to agriculture and the military. governed by a strict class system-separation of higher class and lower class. military training mandatory. preferred success of group over individual.
Ares/Mars
god of war
Industrial Revolution
A period ushered in by the invention of the cotton mill in 1733. Rapid Urbanization. Newfound energy sources discovered which increased productivity. Cheap and abundant English coal replaced wood causing an increase in the steel industry. The steam engine revolutionized transportation and work power. Factory system implemented allowing for mass production as standardized could be assembled by relatively unskilled workmen. The need for cheap unskilled labor resulted in the abuse of women and children. Individuals worked up to 14 hours a day, six days a week in deplorable conditions.
Demeter/Ceres
goddess of grain
Niccolo Machiavelli
Italian writer and humanist who created a new branch of political science based on humanist principles. Author of 'Prince'- a political treatise on how to acquire and maintain political power.
Zeus/Jupiter
Head of the Pantheon, god of the sky
King Henry X111
Established the Church of England with himself as leader due to his disagreements with the Catholic Church regarding his divorce from his wife.
Roman Catholicism
The cultural and religious center of medieval life, extending into politics and economics.
Donatello
an Italian painter and sculptor who was a key member in the early Florence renaissance. Known works include David, Virgin and child with four angels, St Mark and The Feast of Herod.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Actions of the Second Continental Congress
Established the Continental Army and chose George Washington as its commanding general. Allowed printing of money Created government offices.
Civil Wars
After the English _________ _________ of the 1640's many of the King's supporters, known as Cavaliers settled in Virginia.
The Declaration of Independence
Written by Thomas Jefferson and signed on July 4, 1776 by the Continental Congress assembled in Philadelphia.
Massachusetts Bay Company
In 1628, the self-governed __________________ ____________ _____________ was organized, and the Massachusetts Indians sold most of the land to the English. Boston was established in 1630. Harvard in 1636.
The Sugar Act
was a British Law, passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on April 5, 1764, that was designed to raise revenue from the American colonists in the 13 Colonies. The Act set a tax on sugar and molasses imported into the colonies which impacted the manufacture of rum in New England. Also known as American Revenue Act or American Duties Act.
Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation
National Government could not collect taxes or regulate trade with other nations or between states. Revolution was financed by printing more money, causing inflation. Each state had to agree to give the federal government funds. Created an unfair balance between small and large states regarding law making and funding. (Each state had one vote regardless of size) Large states contributed more.
-England was remote yet controlling. -During the 7 years war, Americans, including George Washington served in the British army but were treated as inferiors. -It was feared that the Anglican church might try to expand in the colonies and inhibit religious freedom. -Heavy taxations were created solely to create revenue for the crown and business controls such as restricting trade of certain products to England only, were burdensome. -Colonies had no official representation in the English Parliament and wanted to govern themselves. -Local government was already functioning. -Fears of Britain blocking westward expansion.
Reasons for English Colony rebellion leading to the American Revolution
Nathaniel Bacon/ Bacon's Rebellion
A frustrated group settlers led by __________ ___________ burned Jamestown to the ground. This became known as _____________ ______________ They had been living in America and were upset by how colonists had been coming in and forcing people out of the land.
House of Burgesses
First legislative body to be formed in the New World.
Contributions to the Rebellion that became a Revolution
Contributions to the Rebellion that became a Revolution
The Treaty of Paris
1783, negotiated between the United States and Great Britain, ended the revolutionary war and recognized American independence.
"The Shot Heard Round the World"
The clash began on April 19, 1775 when British soldiers were given what they thought were secret orders to destroy colonial military supplies in Concord, Massachusetts. Fortunately, thanks to a rather elaborate colonial intelligence network, led by the Sons of Liberty, the Patriots were aware that their supplies were at risk, and were able to move them to different locations long before the British began to move. Also, the colonial militia knew that an engagement with the British Army was imminent. The first shots were fired just after dawn in Lexington, Massachusetts the morning of the 19th, hence the name. The colonial militia, were outnumbered and initially forced to retreat. The British army was able to press forward to Concord, where they searched for the supplies, only to come up empty handed. While the British were searching, the American militia was able to reform, and they met the enemy at the North Bridge in Concord, and they were successful this time in driving the British back. As more American reinforcements arrived, they forced the British army south to Boston, and the militias blockaded the narrow land accesses to Charlestown and Boston, starting the Siege of Boston. The American War for Independence was now in full swing.
Boston Massacre
The Boston Massacre was the killing of five colonists by British regulars on March 5, 1770 (Soldiers fired into a crowd). It was the culmination of tensions in the American colonies that had been growing since Royal troops first appeared in Massachusetts in October 1768 to enforce the heavy tax burden imposed by the Townshend Acts.
Samuel de Champlain
founded Quebec. Explored the coasts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island
Spanish Explorers in the United States
Spanish Explorers in the United States
New York, Maryland, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Hampshire, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia and Georgia
The original 13 colonies
1619
In ________, the first African Indentured servants arrived in the New World. (Virginia).
Bible commonwealth
established by Puritans and lasted for 50 years. Old Testament law was the law of the community.
Battles of Lexington and Concord
The first battles of the Revolutionary war.
Fr. Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet
the two first Europeans to travel down the Mississippi River in 1673.
Virginia/1660
__________ became the first colony to legalize slavery in _______.
Battle of Saratoga
The climax of the war. A victory for the Colonies resulting in the impressed French joining the war as allies of the Patriots. John Burgoyne tried unsuccessfully to split up the Colonies geographically, and surrendered. Benedict Arnold led this battle.
The Sons of Liberty
an organization of American colonists that was created in the Thirteen American Colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to fight taxation by the British government. They played a major role in most colonies in battling the Stamp Act in 1765. Members included Samuel Adams, Benedict Arnold, Paul Revere, John Hancock, Patrick Henry,
wealthy/poor
After the English Civil Wars, ________ colonists began claiming coastal land, pushing ___________ colonists inland, leaving them subject to Indian attacks and were underrepresented in the House of Burgesses.
The Puritans
these colonists had hoped to purify the Church of England and then return to Europe with a new and improved religion. More immediately successful than other colonists. Brought their own supplies. Had strong leaders including John Winthrop. They fished, cut timber for ships, and trapped furs. Government and church very closely related. Only church members allowed to vote for general court, though everyone payed taxes. Known for religious intolerance.
Articles of Confederation
First national constitution of the US. Ratified (Approved) in 1781.
Puritans
In 1629, 400 __________ arrived in Salem, which became an important port and was made famous by the witch trails in 1692.
Boston Tea Party
A political protest by the Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams who dressed as mohawk indians dumped tea into the harbor from a British ship to protest the tea tax. The harsh British response further aggravated the situation and pushed the two sides closer to war.
First Continental Congress
Held in 1774 by all colonies except Georgia to list grievances and develop a response, including boycotts.
Jamestown/John Smith
The first permanent English colony founded by Captain ____________ ______________ in 1607.
The Stamp Act
Law passed on March 22, 1765 that was imposed on all American colonists and required them to pay a tax on every piece of printed paper they used. Ship's papers, legal documents, licenses, newspapers, other publications, and even playing cards were taxed. was viewed as a direct attempt by England to raise money in the colonies without the approval of the colonial legislatures. If this new tax were allowed to pass without resistance, the colonists reasoned, the door would be open for far more troublesome taxation in the future. Patrick Henry's _______ ________Resolves declared that Americans possessed the same rights as the English, especially the right to be taxed only by their own representatives; that Virginians should pay no taxes except those voted by the Virginia House of Burgesses; and that anyone supporting the right of Parliament to tax Virginians should be considered an enemy of the colony. No taxation without representation.
The Coercive Acts
also known as the Intolerable Acts, in 1774 these acts closed Boston to merchant shipping, established formal British military rule in Massachusetts, made British officials immune to criminal prosecution in America, and required colonists to quarter British troops. The colonists subsequently called the first Continental Congress to consider a united American resistance to the British.
Maryland
_______________ was established by Lord Baltimore in 1632 in the hopes of providing refuge for English Catholics. The Protestant majority opposed this religious tolerance.
Royal
Virginia officially became a _________ colony in 1624.
Roger Williams
kicked out of the Puritan colony for blasphemy and went on to found the colony at Providence, Rhode Island, where he felt Indians should be treated fairly. believed in separation of church and state. founded the Baptist Church.
Franco-American alliance
An alliance between the kingdom of France and the United States. Formalized in the 1778 Treaty of Alliance, this was a military pact in which the French provided man supplies for the Americans
Seven Years War
Known as the French and Indian war lasting between 1754-1763. England declared war on France. French expansion into the Ohio River valley repeatedly brought France into armed conflict with the British colonies. France in alliance with the Indians. In the Treaty of Paris, France lost all claims to Canada and gave Louisiana to Spain, while Britain received Spanish Florida, Upper Canada, and various French holdings overseas. The treaty ensured the colonial and maritime supremacy of Britain and strengthened the 13 American colonies by removing their European rivals to the north and the south.
Strengths of Articles of Confederation
Created a Union of the 13 United states. Gave the US the ability to declare war and negotiate agreements.
William Penn
In 1681 _____________ ________ established Pennsylvania as a colony for Quakers. But, due to religious tolerance, immigrants of various denominations settled and prospered immediately.
Tobacco
____________ flourished as a crop, saving the Virginia colony.
Common Sense
An article published by Thomas Paine in 1776 calling for independence of the American colonies from Britain.
Constitutional Convention
A meeting in 1787 with delegates from 12 of the 13 (Rhode Island excluded) states with intentions to revise the Articles of Confederation.
Rene-Robert de la Salle
explored the Great Lakes and the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers . Claimed all the land from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachians to the Rockies for France.
Delaware
The first state to ratify the constitution.
The Townshend Acts
A series of measures introduced into the English Parliament imposing duties on glass, lead, paints, paper and tea imported into the colonies Viewed by many Americans as an abuse of power.
Revolutionary War
A war primarily between the 13 Colonies and Great Britain.
Anne Hutchinson
Known for her role in the 'antinomian controversy' where she led others in rebelling against the popular doctrine that a moral life meant salvation. She instead insisted that redemption was God's gift to His elect, and that it could not be earned by human effort.
Battle of Bunker Hill
The deadliest battle of the Revolutionary War.
Committees of Correspondence
provisional Patriot emergency governments set up amongst the 13 colonies to transmit revolutionary ideas and create a unified response.
Battle of Yorktown
George Washington led the colonies to victory, resulting in surrender from Lord Cornwallis. US Colonies officially win the war.
Section 4
(5 cards)