Section 1
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unit of pressure
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Cards (202)
Section 1
(50 cards)
unit of pressure
pascal (Pa) Atmosphere 1atm=1.013✖️10......5N/m^2=101.3kpa
system
closed no mass enter or change but energy may be exchanged with the environment/open mass may enter and change
Streamline Flow
each particle follows a smooth path, the paths do not cross, no loss of energy due to internal friction
Archimedes' Principle
a body immersed in a fluid is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid it displaces
conduction
the transfer of heat within a material or between materials that are touching until equal in temperature. visualized as being carried out via molecular collision
Pressure
ratio of force to the surface area on which the force acts perpendicular to the surface P=F/A
Refrigerators/Air Conditioners
operate by removing heat from low temperature reservoir and exhausting the heat to a higher temperature reservoir, work is done
Isothermal
process or change taking place at a constant temperature
heat
the movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to one at a lower temperature
internal energy formula
U=3/2nRT
Adiabatic
any process that occurs without heat gain or loss
Isobaric
process in which pressure is constant
Charles's Law
volume of a gas held at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature
Turbulent Flow
irregular movement of particles, loss of energy due to internal friction, tends to increase with velocity
ideal gas law (Particles)
PV=NkT
convection
the transfer of heat through mass movement of molecular/a fluid (liquid or gas) caused by molecular motion
buoyant force
the net force on the object exerted by the fluid pressure
Reversibillity
all processes are done so slowly that the whole process could be considered a series of equilibrium states so the whole process could be done in reverse with no magnitude, work done, or heat exchange/change
Ideal Gas Law (moles)
PV=nRT
Carnot Engine
ideal engine, no energy loss due to internal friction, turbulence, etc.
Isochoric
process in which volume is constant
barometer
An instrument that measures atmospheric pressure which use mercury manometer with one end closed
Equation of Continuity
A_1 (V_1) =A_2(V_2)
Fluid
liquids and gases, don't maintain a fixed shape, both have ability to flow
Absolute Pressure
sum of gauge pressure and atmospheric pressure
universal gas constant
R=8.314 J/molK
Temperature
average kinetic energy of the particles within a substance
4 phases
solid liquid gas plasma
KE=3/2kT
the average translational kinetic energy of molecules in random motion in an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas
First Law of Thermodynamics
the change in internal energy of a closed system is due to heat added or removed from the system and/or work done on or by the system
Boltzmann's constant
k=R/NA=1.38 x 10^-23 K/K
pressure in fluid
P=ρgh
Bernoulli's Equation
P_1+(1/2)p(v_1)^2+pg(y_1) = P_2+(1/2)p(v_2)^2+pg(y_2)
internal energy
the sum of all the energy of all the molecules in an object
radiation
the direct transfer of energy through space by electromagnetic waves
Density
quantity of mass per unit volume ρ=m/V
Heat Engine
any device that changes thermal energy in to mechanical work
Boyle's Law
if temperature of a gas is held constant, the volume varies inversely with the pressure PV=constant
Heat Reservoir
a body whose mass is so large that, ideally, the temperature does does not change significantly when heat is exchanged
Thermal Equilibrium+zeroth law of thermodynamics
Refers to the property of a thermodynamic system in which all parts of the system have attained a uniform temperature which is the same as that of the system's surroundings.
Second Law of Thermodynamics
1) heat energy flows spontaneously from a hot object to a cold object but not vice versa 2) it is impossible to construct a heat engine that is 100% efficient, a heat engine can convert some heat into useful work, but the rest must be exhausted in waste heat 3) the entropy of an isolated system never decreases, it can only stay the same or increase
Archimedes' Principle formula
FB=(ρ_fluid)g(V_displaced)
Gauge Pressure
measures difference in pressure between an unknown pressure and atmospheric pressure
Molecular Mass/atom mass
relative masses of atoms and molecules
Pascal's Principle
if an external pressure is applied to a confine fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that amount
efficiency of heat engine
e = 1 - Qc/Qh e = W/Qh
Gay-Lussac's Law
pressure exerted by gas held at a constant volume is directly proportional to the absolute pressure
thermometer
An instrument used to measure temperature
First Law of Thermodynamics formula
△U=Q+W
Avogadro's Number
6.02x10^23
Section 2
(50 cards)
Electric potential due to point charge
V=kQ/r
Equipotential surfaces
Potential difference between points is zero, same as lines just with surfaces
Voltage (volt)
Measures potential energy (1V=1J/C)
Ohm
Unit of resistance
electric dipole
electric field lines due to two equal charges of opposite sign
Electric Charge
fundamental property of matter, positive and negative, protons and electrons
volt
unit for electric potential
resistor
used to control the amount of current in a circuit
circuit
continuous conducting path between the terminals of a battery
conventional current
direction positive charge will flow in a circuit
Thermodynamics
study of energy transformation in natural processes and involves relations among heat, work, and energy
Ohm's Law
V=IR I=V/R
elementary charge
the smallest unit of electric charge that is possible in ordinary matter. e=1.602x10^-19C
law of conservation of electric charge
no net electric charge can be created or destroyed
Electroscope
device used to detect charge
the magnitude of the electric field a distance r from a point charge Q is
E=kQ/r^2
Electric potential
Electric potential energy per unit charge Va=PEa/q
Field
extends outward from a charge in all directions
Semiconductor
category between conductors and insulators
resistivity
p (ohm.m) physical properties
resistance formula
R=pL/A
Electrostatics
study of interaction between electric charges that are not moving
Conductor
material that allows charge to move easily e.g.metal
gravitational field
The influence that a massive body extends into the space around itself, producing a force on another massive body, It is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg).
two types of charge
positive and negative unlike charges attract like charges repel
Electric Field
E=F/q (force per unit charge)
Capacitance
Coulombs per volt
electric power
the rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy
Coulomb
(C) SI unit of charge
Point Charges
charge which spatial size negligible compared to other distances
Insulator
materials that restrict flow of charge
ampere
(amp) 1A=1C/s measures current
Potential difference
Difference in electrical potential between two regions Vba=Vb-Va=PEb-PEa/Q=-Wba/q
test charge
a charge so small that the force it exerts does not significantly alter the distribution of those other charge that creates the field
Polar
charge is not distributed equally but is neautral Having a pair of equal and opposite charges.
Electric Field Lines
indicate the direction of the force due to the given field on a positive test charge (show direction of the field)
Static electricity
an object became charged as a result of rubbing The accumulation of excess electric charge on an object
Equipotential lines
Points along lines are at the same potential
Superposition Principle
net force on any one charge will be vector sum of forces due to each of the other
Ion
atom that loses or gains electrons
Electron volt
1eV=1.6022x10^-19 J
electron current
direction negative charge will flow
electric current
any flow of charge in continuous conducting path between the terminals of a battery
electrical resistance
opposition of the flow of electric charge/current
Entropy
the degree of disorder in a system, no thermal energy to convert to work
Solar Cell
converts sunlight directly into electricity without the use of a heat engine, photo voltaic cells
Coulomb's Law
F=kQ1Q2/r^2 (k=8.988x10^9Nm^2/C^2)
Farad
F (unit for capacitance)1F=1C/V
electric power formula
P = QV/t=IV=I^2R=V^2/R
Capacitor
a device that can store electric charge and consists of two conducting objects placed near each other but not touching.
Section 3
(50 cards)
Kirchhoff's Loop Rule(second rule)
sum of all changes in potential around any closed loop of a circuit must equal zero
tesla
(T) unit of a magnetic field (B), 1T=1N/Am
magnetic field
force one magnet exerts on the other, interaction of a magnet and the magnetic field of another (B)
Index of Refraction Equation
n=c/v
circuit containing capacitors in series
1/Ceq=1/C1+1/C2+...+1/Cn
Total Internal Reflection
If the incident angle θ1 is greater than the critical angle, then all of the light is reflected back into medium 1.
watt
unit for power (1W=1J/s)
Diffraction
Bending of a wave around an opening
right hand rule1
grasp the wire with your right hand so that your thumb points in the direction of the conventional current, and your finger will encircle the wire in the direction of the magnetic field
series circuit
two or more resistors/capacitors connected end to end along a single path
Refraction
The changing of a light ray's direction when passing into other media
Lenz's Law
A current produced by an induced emf moves in a direction so that the magnetic field created by that current opposes the original change in flux determine whether the magnetic flux inside the loop is decreasing, increasing or unchanged. if decreasing the magnetic field due to the induced current points in the same direction.
Force on an electric charge moving in a magnetic field
F = q v B sinθ
poteniometer
measures potential difference/voltage (placed across circuit)
Snell's Law
n1sin1=n2sin2
internal resistance
hindrance in the flow of charge between electrodes in a battery
Kirchhoff's Junction Rule(first rule)
sum of all currents entering the junction must equal the sum of all currents leaving the junction
Speed of Light
Affects refraction indexes based on light's velocity in varying media
circuit containing capacitors in parallel
Ceq=C1+C2+...+Cn
electric generator
Transforms mechanical energy into electric energy
Incoherent Light
Light waves travels in several planes simultaneously
Monochromatic
One color
kilowatt- hour
1KWH= 3.60x10^6 J, measures
electromagnet
iron inside a solenoid, the magnetic field increases greatly because iron is a magnet
Coherent Light
Light waves all moving in one plane
magnetic declination
angular difference between the compass needle direction along the field and true geographic north
Destructive interference
A crest meets a trough to cancel one another out
Law of Reflection
Incident angle = Angle reflected
Electromagnetic waves
light waves, made up of electric field waves (y) and magnetic field waves (z). Travel along the x axis.
Critical Angle
The incident angle θ1 that produces an angle of refraction of 90º is called the critical angle, θc
induced current
changing in magnetic field can produce an electric current
Faraday's law of induction
The emf induced in a circuit is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux thought the circuit (E=- (△mag flux)/△ t) N loops (E=- N(△mag flux)/△ t)
R for parallel circuit
1/Req=1/R1+1/R2+...+1/Rn
unit of magnetic flux
Weber (W) 1Wb=1Tm^2
magnetic flux
Flux=BAcosθ
electromotive force (EMF)
potential difference between the terminals of a source
ferromagnetic
showing strong magnetic effects, can be permanently magnetized
galvanometer
coil of wire suspended in the magnetic field of a permanent magnet, when current flows the magnetic field exerts a torque on the loop
parallel circuit
current from a source splits into separate paths
poles
two ends of an object where the magnetic effect is the strongest e.g..north pole & south pole
R for series circuit
Req=R1+R2+...+Rn
Electromagnetic Induction
the process of creating a current in a circuit by changing a magnetic field
Double-slit Experiment
Displays the wave properties of light, light passing through two narrow slits creates an interference/diffraction pattern on a screen
right hand rule2
outstretch your fingers point along the velocity of the particle then encircle to the direction of the electric field, thumb direction is the direction of the force exerted on the positive charge(negative the opposite)
Interference
Two waves meet each other and interact constructively or destructively
RC circuit
circuits with capacitors and resistors
magnetic force
acts on charged particle moving through a field, direction of force is given by a RHR
Constructive interference
Two crests or two troughs meet to amplify the wave into a larger crest or trough
ammeter
measures current (placed in circuit)
Force on an electric current in a magnetic field
F = IlBsinθ direction of the current is perpendicular to the field θ=90 Fmax=IlB
Section 4
(50 cards)
Diverging Mirror
A convex mirror in which light rays that strike it parallel to its axis bend away (diverge) from its axis
The slope of the line of the KEmax vs freq. graph
Planck's constant
beta decay
4 types: β+, β-, electron capture, positron capture when the neutron/proton ratio is too large, a neutron transforms into a proton and releases an electron
Visible Light
The type of electromagnetic wave to which our eyes respond and has a wavelength in the range of 380 to 760 nm
Destructive interference for a single slit
occurs when dsinθ=mλ, (for m= 1, -1, 2, -2, 3, ...) , where d is the slit width, λ is the light's wavelength, θ is the angle relative to the original direction of the light, and m is the order of the minimum
momentum equation
p = mv
Diffraction Grating
A large number of evenly spaced parallel slits
Thin Lens
One whose thickness allows rays to refract but does not allow properties such as dispersion and aberrations
The energy of a photon is given by the equation
E = h f
Image Distance
The distance of the image from the center of the lens is called image distance.
Destructive interference for a double slit
The path length difference must be a half-integral multiple of the wavelength
momentum of a photon
p = h / lambda
Focal Point
The point at which the rays cross.
Index of Refraction (Def.)
For a material, the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to that in the material
Planck's constant (h) in numerical form
6.63 x 10^-34 J s or 4.14 x 10^-15 eV s
Thin Lens Equation
(1/do)+(1/di)=(1/f)
Photoelectric effect equation
hf = work function (hfo) + KE max
gamma decay
a high energy nucleus releases a high energy photon
Converging Mirror
A concave mirror in which light rays that strike it parallel to its axis converge at one or more points along the axis
Volt in unit form
J / C
EM waves in vacuum (equation)
c= fλ
Polarized
Waves having the electric and magnetic field oscillations in a definite direction
Threshold frequency
minimum frequency needed to eject electrons from a metal
Magnification Equation
(hi/ho)=(- di/do)=m
In Young's Double Slit Experiment, and interference pattern is obtained by...
the superposition of light from two slits
Constructive Interference for Diffraction Grating
occurs when the condition dsinθ=mλ (for m= 0, 1, -1, 2, -2, ...) is satisfied, where d is the distance between slits in the grating, λ is the wavelength of light, and m is the order of the maximum
Unpolarized
Waves that are randomly polarized
Polarization
The attribute that wave oscillations have a definite direction relative to the direction of propagation of the wave
Constructive Interference on Double-Slit
the path length difference must be an integral multiple of the wavelength
alpha decay
create alpha particles (charged particles equivalent to a helium nucleus)
Huygens's Principle
Every point on a wave front is a source of wavelets that spread out in the forward direction at the same speed as the wave Itself. The new wave front is a line tangent to all of the wavelets.
Horizontally Polarized
The oscillations are in a horizontal plane
Converging or convex lens
The lens in which light rays that enter it parallel to its axis cross one another at a single point on the opposite side with a converging effect is called converging lens.
evidence of the particle nature of light
Photoelectric effect, black body radiation
Stopping potential
minimum voltage needed to stop electrons with the maximum KE ejected from a metal
Real Image
The image in which light rays from one point on the object actually cross at the location of the image and can be projected onto a screen, a piece of film, or the retina of an eye.
"particle" of light
photon
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
You can know either the momentum of a photon or its position, but you can't know both at the same time because in measuring one you change the other
Speed of Light
3 x 10^8 m/s
The amount of energy needed to "dig" an electron out of a metal.
The work function
nucleon
consist of protons and neutrons make up nucleon number/atomic mass number
Focal Length
The distance from the center of the lens to its focal point.
mass defect
mass difference between nucleons in a nucleus with separate nucleons
Vertically Polarized
The oscillations are in a vertical plane
Diverging Lens
A lens that causes the light rays to bend away from its axis
Higher wavelengths of light have a ______ frequency
lower
Ionization energy
The energy needed to free an electron from its ground state in an atom
law of conservation of nucleon numbers
the number of nucleons before and after a decay is the same
Electron Volt
Unit of energy = 1.6 x 10^-19 J
Virtual Image
An image that is on the same side of the lens as the object and cannot be projected on a screen
Section 5
(2 cards)