Section 1
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Clustered Rural Settlement
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Date created
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Cards (122)
Section 1
(50 cards)
Clustered Rural Settlement
An agricultural-based community in which a number of families live in close proximity to each other, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
Offshore Centers
Taxes- Typically low or nonexistent, companies incorporated have tax free status, regardless of nationality; Privacy- Back secrecy laws help individuals and businesses evade disclosure in home countries, can protect assets from lawsuits if accused of malpractice by storing them in off-shore centers
Nonbasic Business
Serves primarily customers living in the same settlement
Food Desert
An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store; Too far to walk (More than a mile); Not enough people with enough money to fund a grocery store
Basic Business
Exports primarily to customers outside the settlement
Economic Base
The unique cluster of basic businesses in a settlement
Disproportionately Clustered Business Services in Global Cities
Financial Institutions- Centers for finance, attract headquarters of major banks, insurance companies; Headquarters of Large Corporations- Proximity to stock exchange, where decisions are made, staff for flow of money; Lawyers, Accountants, and Other Professional Services- Provide advice to corporations and financial institutions
Why Back-Offices are in Certain LDCs
Low Wages- 1/10 of wages paid to similar jobs in MDCs, dead-end work in MDCs but high-status in LDCs; Ability to Speak English: Few LDCs fluent in English, but India, Malaysia, and the Philippines have many workers with English skills
Hexagon in Central Place Theory
Not a circle because they create gaps and don't fit nicely without overlap; Not a square because sides need to be about equidistant from the center
Global Cities- Transportation Factors
19th century: Railroad; 20th century: Motor vehicles and airplanes; Made it possible to deliver people, inputs, and products quickly; Modern transportation and communications enable industry to decentralize and reinforce primacy of global cities
Wirth's Definition of a City
Large size, high population density, socially heterogeneous people
Linear Clustered Rural Settlement
Comprise buildings clustered along a road, river, or dike to facilitate communication; Fields extend behind buildings in long, narrow strips (Long-lots); Quebec
Global Cities- Economic Factors
Number of headquarters for multinational corporations, financial institutions, and law firms that influence the global economy
Dispersed Rural Settlement
Characterized by farmers living on individual farms isolated from neighbors rather than alongside other farmers in settlements
Market Area/Hinterland
The area surrounding a service from which customers are attracted; Nodal region
Ancient Urban Settlements
East Mediterranean (2500 BC)- Government, military, and public services for hinterlands; Trading centers for islands of Aegean Sea; City-states (Athens): Development of culture, philosophy, and Western Civilization; Consumer Services: Cultural Activities (Urban); Roman Empire: Encouraged urbanization, centers of administration, military, public services, retail, and other consumer services, urban decline after fall of empire
Back-Office Services
Functions: Insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work, centers for responding to billing inquiries related to credit cards, shipments, and claims, or technical inquiries related to installation, operation, and repair; The privacy laws and low tax rates in these provide havens to tax dodges and other illegal schemes
Primate City Rule
The largest settlement has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement; Unitary governments common, centralized services hub for ESP (Not eN)
Rank-Size Rule
The country's nth-largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement; Developed countries; Federal governments common, variety of services, more distributed wealth
Prehistoric Urban Settlements
Originated in Mesopotamia (Iraq) and diffused to Egypt, China and Indus valley or originated independently in all four; Consumer Services: Places to bury the dead, places of worship, women kept home and hearth, became manufacturing centers for material goods; Business Services: Stores surplus goods and trade, officials set fair prices, kept records, and created currency to facilitate trade; Public Services: Political leaders and defense forces
How Basic Businesses Bring Money to the Local Economy
New basic businesses attract new workers to a settlement; The new basic business workers bring their family with them; New nonbasic services are opened to meet the needs of the new workers and their families
Settlement
A permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services
Global Cities- Infrastructure Factors
A major international airport, healthcare facilities, and advanced communication systems
City- Large Size
Only know a low percentage of the other residents; Most relationships contractual: You are paid wages via contract and pay others for goods and services; Different social relationships
Urbanization
The process by which the population of urban settlements grows; Dimensions: Rise in percentage of people living in urban settlements, Rise in number of people living in urban settlements
If No Rank-Size Distribution
Indicates that a country isn't sufficiently wealthy enough to justify the provision of goods and services to consumers throughout the country; Travel long distances for services
Global Cities- Political Factors
Hosting headquarters for international organizations and capitals of countries that play a leading role in international events
Percentage of People in Urban Settlements
Increased rapidly; Gap between MDCs and LDCs closing; Corresponding drop in rural population
Changing Service Employment in US
All growth in US employment in services; Primary and secondary decreasing; Business: Fast increase in professional and slow increase in financial and transportation; Consumer: Fast increase in health care, education, entertainment, and recreation
Medieval Urban Settlements
China (600-1500 AD); Urban again in 11th century Europe; Expand trade to other free cities using rural surplus; New roads and use of rivers; By 14th century, dense network of small market towns; Power centers for lords and church leaders; Public services in palaces, churches, and prominent buildings
Service
Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it
Global Cities- Cultural Factors
Presence of renowned cultural institutions, influential media outlets, sports facilities, and educational institutions
Consumer Services
Provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them; 1/2 US jobs; Retail, health, education, leisure
Primate City
The country's largest city in primate city rule
Range
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service; Humans: Go only a short distance for everyday consumer services and long distance for other services, go to the nearest available service, and think of distance in terms of time, not miles
Assumptions for the Central Place Theory
"State of Isolation"- Isotropic plane including physical features, soil, population distribution, access to transportation; Constant maximum distance/range for sale of any good or services radiates out from the center
Periodic Markets
Solution to food deserts; A collection of individuals vendors that come together to offer goods and services in a location on specified days; Provides goods to LDCs with too sparse populations and too low income to support full-time retailing
City- Social Heterogeneity
Greater variety of people- Greater freedom to pursue an unusual profession, sexual orientation, and cultural interest- More tolerant of diverse social behavior; Individuals find people with similar interests; More differences in LDCs than in MDCs
Large Settlements
Have large thresholds, ranges, and market areas; MDCs (Small--->Big: Hamlet, village, town, city)
Gravity Model
Predicts that the optimal location of a service is directly related to the number of people in the area and inversely related to the distance people must travel to access it
City- High Density
Specialization- Play specific role to allow complex urban settlement to function smoothly; Encourages social groups to compete to occupy the same territory; Buildings built close together
Enclosure Movement
In the UK (1750-1850), resulted in the consolidation of individually owned strips of land surrounding villages into large farms owned by single individuals; Government forced people to give up land- Moved urban; Same time as Industrial Revolution
Public Services
Provide security and protection for citizens and businesses; 10% US jobs
Christaller's Central Place Theory
Explains the relative size and spacing of towns and cities as a function of people's shopping behavior; Many small settlements with small threshold/range services; Fewer large settlements, services with large thresholds and ranges; Walter Christaller-1933; Based on studies of southern Germany
Threshold
The minimum number of people needed to support the service
Global City (World City)
Urban settlements that play an especially important role in global business services; Center of the flow of information and capital; Divided into alpha, beta, and gamma; New York City and London two dominant
Global Cities- Communication Factors
19th century: Telegraph and telephone; 20th century: Computer; Made it possible to communicate immediately with coworkers, clients, and customers around the world
Circular Clustered Rural Settlement
Central open space surrounded by structures; Maasai people of Sub-Saharan Africa, Germany in early 19th century; Many New England towns still have a central common surrounded by the church, school, and various houses
Central Place
A market center for the exchange of goods and services by people attracted from the surrounding area; Threshold and range determine which services will be available
Business Services
Facilitate the activities of other businesses; 1/4 US jobs; Professional services, transportation services, and financial services
Section 2
(50 cards)
Southeast Asian Cities Model
T.G. McGee of SE Asia; Several Nodes of squatter settlements and "alien" zones where foreigners (Often Chinese) live and work; CBD functions dispersed to several nodes; Complex mix of ethnic groups (Ex. Apartheid); Old colonial port zone surrounds the commercial district (Export-Oriented), similar to NA CBDs; No formal business zone, separate clusters
Suburb
A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city; Existed on a small scale since ancient times-Residential areas located outside walls surrounding a city; More extensive suburbs appeared in 19th century, as cities grew in Industrial Rev
Steamboat-Iron Horse Epoch
1830-1870; Transport Channel: Water and land, steam wagon, roadways, railroads
African Cities Model
Harm deBlij of sub-Saharan Africa; Inner rings = high-income people- Near business and consumer services and public services like water, electricity, paved roads, and garbage pick up; Rings constantly added to periphery; Housing in outer rings often informal settlements; 3 CBDs; South Africa Cities- Western cities with elements of NA and European CBDs/Suburbs
Disamenity Zones
Not connected to city services- Unsafe locations (Cartels); Land uses noisy, polluting, or cater to lower-income residents
Middle Eastern and Islamic Cities Model
Influenced by spread of Islam; Central mosque surrounded by public services (Schools, Soup Kitchens) and citadel (Fort); Residential areas reflect ethnicities/tribes/branches of Islam and central courtyards rather than individual yards
Borchert's Epochs of American Urbanization
Time periods defined by the method of transportation/communication; Sail-wagon, steamboat-iron horse, steel rail, automobile
How Suburban Areas are Segregated
Social classes (Sometimes race/ethinicity) and land uses
Megalopolis
A Greek word meaning "Great City"; MSAs in NE US form one continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to south of Washington, DC (Called Boswash Corridor); Chain of connected cities
Urbanized Area
An urban area with at least 50,000 inhabitants
Urban Area
Consists of a central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs
Largest and Fastest-Growing Cities
Both mostly in LDCs; Results from migration from countryside and high rate of natural increase (NIR)
Density Gradient
The number of houses per unit of land diminishes as distance from the center city increases; Changes: Fewer people living in the center (Gap) and fewer differences in density within urban areas
Informal Settlement
A residential area where housing has been built on land to which the occupants have no legal claim or has not been built to the city's standards for legal buildings; AKA Squatter Settlements; Few services because city and residents can't afford them; Stolen electricity and only transportation is walking
Annexation
The process of legally adding land area to a city; Majority of residents in affected area need to vote in favor of this; Peripheral areas used to desire this because the city offered better services, now peripheral residents prefer to organize their own services instead of paying city taxes
Business Services in CBDs
Offices cluster because of accessibility; Advertising, backing, finance, journalism, and law firms because close to professional colleagues; Central location = workers from all over
Local Government Fragmentation
In the U.S. and Canada; Larger metropolitan areas have 1000s of local gov'ts; Makes it difficult to solve regional problems of traffic, sewage, and building affordable houses; Most have a council of gov't (Reps of various local gov'ts): Consolidations of city and county gov'ts (Combine local gov'ts) and Federations (Municipalities work together)
Latin American Cities Model
Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford of Latin America; Wealthy people push out from center in a well-defined elite residential sector- Forms on either side of a spine that contains offices, shops, etc- Water and electricity more available; Wealthy and middle-class avoid living near sectors of "disamenity"; Two-Part CBD- Traditional market and modern high-rise; Zone of Maturity- Middle-class housing; Zone of In Situ Accretion- High population density of modest housing; Periphery-Periferico- High density shanty towns of extreme poverty and no services
Peripheral Model
An urban area consists of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and service nodes or nuclei tied together by a beltway or ring road
The Underground CBD
Garages, loading docks, and pipes; Phone, electric, TV cables- No space for overhead poles and wires are ugly and dangerous; Subways; Passages for cold places
Galactic City Model
Harris 1960; Expands on Multiple Nuclei Model; Mini- Downtowns at key locations along transportation routes (Edge cities, like zones 3-8, economic areas, not necessarily its own city); Study of Detroit/Des Moines- Describes the spread of the city outwards to the suburbs, leaving a declining inner city; Little class differences in suburbs- One residential area; Surrounded by beltway- Highway/Interstate- Services off of exits; Business services grow as suburbs grow
Slow-Growth Cities
Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl
Multiple Nuclei Model
A city is a complex structure that includes more than one center around which activities revolve; C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman in 1945; Some activities attracted to particular nodes, whereas others try to avoid them; Edge Cities- Nodes of consumer and business services; Originated as suburban residences for central city workers, then malls came in, now business services; CBD is not the sole force in creating land-use patterns; Shows the shift from manufacturing cities to post-industrial cities; Economic activities tend to cluster together and rent-paying ability/land price values vary throughout the city
Smart Growth
Legislation and regulations to limit suburban growth and preserve farmland; MD: Discourages the state from funding new highways and other projects that would extend suburban sprawl and destroy farmland; OR & TN: Defined growth boundaries that new developments can occur in
Walkable Mixed-Use Commercial and Residential Areas
Many urban areas are too reliant on automobiles for transportation, which results in obesity due to inactivity, asthma from car exhaust, and car crashes; Portland, Oregon keeps an urban growth boundary, skinny streets program, invested in bicycling and walking instead of roads
Binary Distribution
Exists where there are several large cities of almost equal size within the same region
Fragmentation
Local governments include county, municipal, township, school district, and special district (Fire/police); Tiny communities trying to carve out control- or avoid sharing it- over their services, taxes, schools, public transportation, and housing; Problems and solutions with growth and decline of urban areas; "Too many cooks in the kitchen"
Consumer Services in CBDs
Retailers with High Thresholds: Department stores, accessible to many people, less threshold = stores moving to suburban malls; Retailers with High Ranges: Specialists with customers who patronize them infrequently, less threshold = moving away, some stay for tourism; Retailers Serving CBD Workers: Office supplies, computer, clothing, shoe repair, increasing because more office workers in CBDs, shop during lunch hour
Central Business District (CBD)
Downtown- Best-known and most visually distinctive area of most cities; The ones of older cities are often situated along a body of water, a principal transportation route prior to the 20th century; 3-D Character: More space used below and above ground level than elsewhere in the urban area; Land uses commonly found elsewhere in the urban area are rare in the CBD because of intense competition for land
Megacities
A city that has 10 million people or more
Automobile Epoch
1920+; Transport Channel: Cars, trucks
Public Services in CBDs
City hall, courts, county and state agencies, libraries are historically downtown; Sport facilities and convention centers stimulate more business
Skyscrapers in CBDs
Each city has unique skyline; Productive use of space; 1st in Chicago in 1880s (New tech- Elevators, steel girders, ventilation, AC)
New Urbanism
Type of urban planning to create walkable blocks and streets, housing, and shopping in close proximity (Mixed Land Use), and accessible public spaces (Greenbelts); Obstacles: Existing zoning system, Public opinion
Social Area Analysis
The study of where people of varying living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area
Lack of Residents in the CBD
Pulled to suburbs with bigger homes and modern schools; Pushed by high rents and the crime, poverty, and pollution of CBD life; In 21st century, CBD population rising, especially for people without kids- attracted by the amenities and not worried about schools
Census Tracts
What urban areas in the US are divided into; Contain approximately 5,000 residents and correspond, where possible, to neighborhood boundaries; US Census reports the number of nonwhites, median income of all families, and percentage of adults who finished high school
European Suburbs
Much of the newer housing in outer rings is high-rise apartments, not houses; Rich in center, near royal palace, and poor and factories on the outside; Most ethnic and racial minorities reside in suburbs
Edge Cities
The nodes of consumer and business services around the beltway
Zoning Ordinance
A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community; Make it difficult for low-income families to find affordable housing
Concentric Zone Model
A city grows outward from a central area in a series of concentric rings; E.W. Burgess in 1923; The CBD is the most important aspect of the city; As the city grew, the inner zones encroached on outer zones and residents began to move further away from the CBD and were replaced by immigrants and lower income families
European CBDs
Have more inhabitants than North American CBDs; Contain more day-to-day consumer services; Most prominent structures are public services- Churches, parks, etc; NA CBDs have more skyscrapers because these want historical preservation; Have higher rents because of more limited space
Pre-Colonial and Colonial Cities
"Old Quarters" (Pre-colonial city): Two separate and distinct nodes; Surrounding a center with marketplace; Narrow, winding streets, little open space, and cramped residences; "European District" (Colonial addition): Location for colonial services (Administration, military, etc) Wider streets and public squares, larger houses surrounded by gardens, and lower density
Central City (City)
An urban settlement that has been legal incorporated into an independent, self-governing unit known as a municipality
Sprawl
The development of suburbs at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area
Urban Cluster
An urban area with between 2,500 and 50,000 inhabitants
Lack of Manufacturing in the CBD
Need lots of land- More in suburbs; Cargo ships can't maneuver CBD harbors; Warehouses in CBDs replaced with offices, apartments, shops, etc. = CBD waterfronts now tourist attractions
Sail-Wagon Epoch
1790-1830; Transport Channel: Dirt roads, rivers, oceans
Steel Rail Epoch
1870-1920; Transport Channel: Land, steam and electricity
Sector Model
A city develops in a series of sectors; Certain areas of the city are more attractive for various activities, originally because of environmental or chance; As a city grows, activities expand outward in a wedge, or sector, from the center; Homer Hoyt in 1939; Most expensive housing built at outer edge; Recasting of concentric zone model to reflect railroads and transportation patterns; The CBD is the most important aspect of the city; Low income households are found in close proximity to railroad lines & other major transportation routes; Land rent (for commercial, residential, industrial) could remain consistent all the way from the CBD to the city's outer edge
Section 3
(22 cards)