AP World History Modern Unit 1: Global Tapestry

The concept of ________ was used in samurai class that was the code of honor to chose death over surrender

bushido

In _____, women had few restrictions, but with Confucianism influence, elite women couldn’t remarry, get divorced, inherit property along with Confucian introduced exam system. They remained politically independent with one example being ________, alphabet created by Koreans

Korea, hangul

The _____ ______, created under the Tang Dynasty, was an inexpensive and efficient way of transportation that extended over 30,000 miles. Under the Song Dynasty, it allowed for China to be a populous trading area

Grand Canal

__________ and its core beliefs continued to shape societies in Asia and included a variety of branches, schools, and practices.

Buddhism

The invention of ____________ lead to military advancements and guns and trade along the Silk Roads

gunpowder

The ________ _____ __________ states that emperors rule with morality or else their legitimacy with be stripped

Mandate of Heaven

Chinese farmers put __________ with both human and animal on the fields to enrich the soil along with the plow pulled by oxen, wheels, pumps, and terraces to increase productivity. They also had terrance farms.

manure, 

_____________ Buddhism focused on chanting and was the strongest in Tibet. It had special authority to lamas; emphasized prep for death; Nirvana in a single lifetime

Tibetan Buddism

Originating from Vietnam, __________ _______ expanded agricultural production in China since it allowed farming to spread to lands where rice could not be grown. This helped China's population grow quickly.

Champa Rice

China's discovery of ______ helped ______ manufacturing, used for building weapons and agricultural equipment

coal, iron

_____________ Buddhism focused on spiritual growth for all beings and on service. It came strongest in China and Korea and the focus is on reverence for Buddha and for Bodhisattva, enlightened persons who have postponed Nirvana to help others attain enlightenment. It was a more "user friendly" Buddhism that developed as Buddhism spread into East and Southeast Asia.

Mahayana Buddhism

In Confucian thought, _____ _____ of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

Filel Piety

_____________ Buddhism is the oldest form of Buddhism and focused on personal spiritual growth through silent meditation and self-discipline. Its beliefs are relatively conservative, holding close to the original teachings of the Buddha. It was strong in South East Asia

Theravada Buddhism

The ______ ______ ______ was a test based on Confucian teaching that allowed one to work in China's bureaucracy. This allowed opportunities of social mobility to the lower class; however, the bureaucracy had main elites.

civil service exam

Replacing the Tang Dynasty, the ______ ___________ (960-1279) was "golden age" for China with great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual achievement along with incorporating Neo-Confucian teachings. 

Song Dynasty

______ Buddhism was a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition; illustrates the adaptations Buddhism made as it spread to new areas and interacted with different cultures

Zen Buddhism

To help build public projects, Song Dynasty used _____

taxes

The philosophy of __________ adheres to the teaching of Confucius that ensures a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct. It saw that world as hierarchal  (subject to rulers, women to men). It was also mainly practiced by Chinese elites.

Confucianism  

The concept of ________ countered Confucianism since it focused on nature rather than moral improvement and good government

Daoism

_____________ evolved in China between 770 and 840. It was the Confucian response to Buddhism by taking Confucian and Buddhist beliefs and combining them into this. They combined rational thought with more abstract ideas form Daoism and Buddhism. However, it is still very much Confucian in belief.

Neo-Confucianism 

It was during the ________ period that Japan emulated Chinese traditions along rise in Buddhism w/art, literature, education, monks, meditation  and adopted Chinese writing system (calligraphy, poetry) (The Tale of Genji; picture of court life, written by women)

Heian period

People in Song China had to pay ________ to emperor through money. It was a way to show that China was the middle kingdom

tribute

The Chinese were the first to use __________ _________, which helped the availably & distribution of books and text along with the invention of paper

woodblock printing

The _______ ________ class were educated in Confucian philosophy and became the most influential social class in China. They outnumbered aristocracy and were on top of farmers, artisans, and merchants

scholar gentry

Japan had the concept of ___________ with land owning aristocrats, daimyo controlling the serfs while the samurai protects them

feudalism

The Song Dynasty had an __________ _________ in which appointed officials would carry out the empires policies. However, by the end of the Song, bureaucracy had grown so large that it costed the government to dry up China's surplus wealth

imperial bureaucracy

Confucian tradition supported a patriarchal society. Because of this, the practice of _____ _____ became common among aristocratic families during the Song Dynasty. Women were also undermined economically because they were replaced by factories and workshops

foot binding

Under the Song, China experienced _____ __________, a set of economic changes in which people in rural areas made more goods than they could sell. They had ________ who could produce products under the supervision of the imperial government

proto-industrialization, artisans

In ________, they adopted Confucian examination and literature stye and followed the “mandate of heaven” for their emperors. Women also enjoyed greater independence 

Vietnam

During the Abbasid Caliphate, the invention of ________ was created through gunpowder

rockets

_________ were prestigious in Islamic societies. They were esteemed as long as they maintained fair dealings and gave to charity in accord with the pillars of Islamic faith. They also became dominate in Afro-Eurasia trade and came up with banking, use of credit and business contracts

Merchants

What are the 5 pillars of Islam?

Shahadah: Faith

Salah: Prayer

Sawn: Fasting

Zakah: Almsgiving

Hajj: Pilgrimage

Jihad: Struggle

T/F: Islamic Scholars translated Greek literary classics into Arabic, saving the works of Artisp;e and other Greek thinkers, studied mathematic texts from India and transferred the knowledge to Europeans, and adopted paper-making from China.

True

The mystical response to Islam is know as _________, who represented Islam's mystical dimension and sought direct and personal experience from the divine through meditation, chanting to god, music, and dance. They plated a role in the spread of Islam since they tended to adapt to local cultures and traditions and encouraged them, becoming a popular form of Islam

Sufism

The ________ ________ (750 - 1258) was the caliphate after the Umayyads  who focused more on administration than conquering. Had a bureaucracy that any Muslim could be a part of. 

Abbasid Caliphate

________ ________ ________(1201 - 1274) was one of the most celebrated Islamic scholars as he contributed to astronomy, law, logic, ethics, mathematics, philosophy, and medicine. He provided the model for the movement of the planets that helped to inspire the Copernican model of the solar system.

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Many goods and ideas during the Abbasids went through ________, but fell because city could not afford to keep its canals repaired along with farmers not providing enough food for urban population

Baghdad

The ________ was the fourth group to attack the Abbasid Empire and took over in 1258, ending the Seljuk rule.

Mongols

The ________ ________ created by Turkic warriors that migrated into Anatolia brought greater political unity to Islamic Middle East and North Africa.in the 15th century, Ottoman Turks carved out a state that encompassed much of Anatolian peninsula & pushed deep into Southern-eastern Europe, acquiring Constantinople. By the 16th century, they ruled Middle East, Egypt, coastal North Africa, land surround Black Sea and Eastern Europe. They incorporated a diverse population, made Turks as dominate people of Islamic world, ruling over Arabs, and add Caliphs(claimed legacy of Abbasid Empire)

Ottoman Empire

The __________ _________ was the first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Dehli Sultanate

In 711, the Umayyads invaded Spain and designated _________ as their capital. Here, they created a climate of toleration in al-Andalus(people of the book), with Muslims, Christians, and Jews. They also promoted trade, allowing Chinese and Southeast Asian products to enter Spain.

Córodoba 

In Abbasid Baghdad, the ________ ___ ________  was an academic center for learning, research, and translation and this allowed people to preserve the knowledge and heritage of the ancient civilizations.

House of Wisdom

In Islamic states, women would cover their hair and faces with a _________. Women could also read and study, but not in company of men they do not know. Women also had more rights than Christian and Jewish women

hijab

The ________ were people who were enslaved by Arabs who were frequently ethic Turks from Central Asia and served as soldiers and bureaucrats. With theses privileges, they seized control of the Abbasid Empire and later establishing the ________ ________(1250 - 1517), who prospered facilitating trade in sugar and cotton between Islamic World and Europe

Mamluk, Mamluk Sultanante

The _________ _________ was created by Turkic warriors that migrated into Anatolia and brought greater political unity to Islamic Middle East and Northern Africa. Thye had a diverse population and economic, cultural sophistication and made Turks as dominate people of Islamic world, ruling over the Arabs during the 15th century

Ottoman Empire

The Suif poet and mystic ________ ________ ________(1460-1507) was  female writer who wrote a poem honoring Muhammad. She is one of few medieval female Islamic mystics to have recorded their own views in writing, and she "probably composed more works in Arabic than any other woman prior to the twentieth century".

A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah 

The ___________ ___ __________ was when Islamic military urned back in 732 when it lost to Frankish forces ,  limited rapid expansion of Islam into Western Europe

Battle of Tours

The ________ ________ from Central Asia also challenged the Abbasids since starting from the 11th century, they began conquering parts of the Middle East. They called there leader "Sultan", leading to the sultan replacing the highest ranking Abbasid caliph

Seljuk Turks

The ________ ________ is an example of Islamic architecture using Indian geometry. It is the tallest building in India today

Qutub Minar

Bringing Islam to India, the _________ _________ ruled reigned from the 13th century to the 16th century. Some people converted to Islam while others resented them(difficult converting the people to Islam due to differences in Hinduism and Islam, but did attract low-caste Hindus for social mobility). A contributing factor to the resentment was the tax known as _________ to non-Muslims. They could not organize a sufficent bureaucracy --> loss of power by the Mongols

Dehli Sultante, jizya

The _________ _________ in Northern India were led by leaders of clans who were often at war with one another --> no centralized government. They were also invaded by Muslim armies, leading to a pressence of Muslim culture, leading to the rise of the Dehli Sultante

Rajput Kingdoms

Consisting of Indonesia Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Laos, and Vietnam , ________ ________ was mainly Buddhist. It had interactions with Indian merchants who sold  gold, silver,  metal goods, and textile and returned with spices

Southeast Asia

T/F Hindu women were not confined into a separate social sphere along with Islamic women, but Southeastern Women enjoyed more freedom before Islam.

False, Hindu and Islamic women were confined to separate social sphere

New language developed among Muslims of South Asia was ________, which melded the grammatical pattern of Hindi and with the vocabulary of Arabic and some elements of Farsi. It is the official language of Pakistan

Urdu

What were the four main difference of Hinduism and Islam

1. Hinduism is polytheistic, Islam is monotheistic
2. Hindu had temples and artwork of their gods, Islam disapproved any visual representation of Allah to avoid idolization    
3. Hinduism had caste system while Islam had called for equality of all believers
4. Hindus have several sacred text, Muslims have only the Quran

___________ is the oldest and largest religion in India. It was polytheistic with many gods and its main philosophy was to be united with the Brahmin 

Through samsara(life and death), the atman(soul) seeks moksha(escape samsara) and become one with Brahmin(divine beginning), depended by karma

Hinduism

Islam attracted what level of caste in India

Lower caste to improve social status

T/F Muslim merchants did not move to Indian port cities and married, spreading Islam

False

The ________ ________ in Sri Lanka was developed by merchants from India and becoming the center of Buddhist studies. There, the Buddhist priest often served as monarchs and had an irrigation system that contributed to economic growth

Sinhala dynasties

Muslim rulers in India wanted to _________ their people to convert to Islam but were unsuccessful.

proselytize

The sea-based kingdom known as ________ ________(670-1025) was a Hindu kingdom based on Sumatra. It built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships for traveling between India and China

Srivijaya Empire

Islam was spread through mechants, who turned the ________ ________ as an economic hotspot with South Asia benefiting from it

Indian Ocean

During the 12th century, the ________ ________ was the focusing on deities of Hinduism, they were similar to Sufi Muslims and helped spread Hinduism

Bhakti Movement

Southern India was more stable than Northern India politically.

 The _________ _________(850-1267) reigned over Southern India for 400 years and extended there rule to Ceylon. They had access to waterways of the Indian oceans and Bay of Bengal due to geography

The _________ _________(1336 -1646) rooted from the Dehli Sultante when Harihara and Bukka traveled to extend the Dehli Sultanate and established a Hindu kingdom

Chola Kingdom, Vijayanagara Empire

T/F Converts of Islam were also corrupt Buddhist monks

True

The sea-based kingdom known as ________ ________(1293-1520) based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height. It sustained pwoer by controlling sea routes but was a Buddhist Kingdom

Majapahit Kingdom

Even after the arrival of Islam, India's _________ _________ is its strongest continuty, it lent a politically decentralized land

caste system

The ________ ________(Angkor Kingdom) (802-1431) was near the Mekong River and did not depend on maritime prowess for its power. The kingdom's complex irrigation and drainage system led to its economic prosperity. Its capital of Angkor Thom showed Indian influences like Hindu artwork and sculptures of deities abound. However they were invaded by the Thais of Sukhothai Kingdom.

Khmer Empire

Aztecs believed that the gods had sacrificed themselves in order to create the world and human sacafice along with ___________ ___________ was a sort of repayment and atonement for human sin

blood letting

The ________ built large housing structures using stones and clay, some included hundreds of rooms. The elites were highly skilled astronomers who had observatories made of rock slab.

Chaco

___________ in Aztecs played important role in tribute system by woving cloth that local rulers demanded. Some became priestess, midwives, healers, or merchants

Women

FACTS: People abandoned the Cahokia around 1450 and other Mississippian societies by 1600. Some believe they left because of weather extremes while others believe because of diseases spread by Europeans

...

The first large-scale civilization in North America emerged in the 700s or 800s in what is now the eastern United States in the Mississippi River Valley know as the ___________ culture, who built enormous earthen mounds. One of these mounds is ________ located in southern Illinois. 

Mississippian culture, Cahokia

The Aztec capital of ________ is located on an island in the middle of swampy lake in order to protect it from attacks. It grew to almost 200,000 people making it one of the largest cities in the world. They had aqueducts to provide water for the city. They had floating gardens called ________ to increase the amount of space for food production and dug ditches to use lake water to irrigate their fields and to drain parts of the lake

Tenochtitlán, chinampas

Mayans were innovative thinkers and inventors. They incorporated the concept of _______ into their number system, developed a complex writing system, and made rubber out of liquid collected from rubber plants.  Mayan science and religion were linked through ________. Based on the calendar, priest decided when to celebrate religious ceremonies and whether to go to war. They also had a writing system along with step pyramids 

zero, astronomy

The Incan Empire was split into 4  provinces with each their own governor and bureaucracy. To respect conquering leaders, Incan were subjected to _______ system(mandatory public service)  

mit'a system

The ________ ________ people built multi-story homes into cliffs using bricks made of sandstone

Mesa Verde

The main form of Mayan government was the ________ ________, each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory. Wars between theses were common and at times were rarely overthrown. They were fought to gain tribute and captives of these wars were used in human sacrifices as offerings to gods. They also did not have standing armies, meaning citizens had to fight the war. This concludes that Mayan civilization had no central government 

city-states

In Mississippian culture, a chief called the ________ ________ ruled each large town. Below were the priest and nobles, farmers, hunters, merchants, artisans, and enslaved people. They also had a ________________ society, meaning that social standing was determined by the woman's side of the family

Great Sun, matrilineal society

Mayans economic foundations were based on technology like ________ ________, ________ ________, ________ ________, and ________ ________ ________. This supported agriculture that flourished helped elite class and produced larger labor force to work.

drained swamps, traced hillside, flattened ridge tops, and water management system

The Inca's created the ________ _____ _______ ____ as a way to honor the sun god Inti and was the core of Incan religion

Temple of the Sun

The ________ civilization stretched over the southern part of Mexico and much of what is now Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala

Mayan

___________ ___________ agriculture was a form of farming used in the Inca Empire; divided the hills into terraces or flat steps almost like steps; they could then control the amount of water being put into those places; led to vastly improved agriculture for the Incas

Waru Waru Agriculture

___________ began to conquer tribes near  Cuzco, Peru and created the ___________ Empire

Pachacuti, Incan Empire

Aztec government had a ___________, which is rule by religious leaders. On the top was the Great Speaker(emperor) who was the divine representative of the gods. Next were the nobles, scribes, healers, pochteca(merchants) and peasants and soldiers 

theocracy

Inca religion include some ________, the belief that elements of  the physical world could have supernatural powers. Called _____, they could the mountains or a small object

animism, huaca

Incan's were very good at building bridges. One massive roadway known as ________ ________ with some 25,000 miles of road used mainly by the government and military. Bridges were important in a mountainous regions  

Carpa Nan

Aztecs had a ________ ________ to insure dominance over the conquered people, who were forced to give land and perform military service. This payment consisted of food, cloth, and luxury items such as feathers, beads, and jewelry. This ensured political dominance without direct administration In exchange, conquered people were given Aztec protection. The Aztec also had grouped city states into provinces. 

tribute system

The ________, also known as Mexicas, were originally hunter-gatherers who migrated to central Mexico from the north in the 1200s 

Aztecs

Many Hausa people benefited fro the thriving ______-________ trade, a network of trading routes across the great desert.

trans-Saharan trade

People in Sub-Saharan Africa had communities formed ________ ________ ________, where families government themselves. A male head of network, a chief, mediated conflicts and dealt with neighborhood groups. These became harder to manage as population grew since competition increased, leading to fighting among villages and districts.

kin-based network

In Sub-Saharan Africa, they social structures such as ________, ________, and ________. Kinship connections allowed people to identify first as members of a clan or family. Age divided work, creating age grades. Gender had an influential role in social organization with men dominating activities that required specialized skill and women who engaged in agriculture and food gathering, taking care of children

kinship, age, gender

Between Sahara and tropical rain forest of West African Coast, kingdom of ________ reached its peak of influence from the 8th to the 11th centuries. It's ruler sold gold and ivory to Muslim traders in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, and tools. Its capital Koumbi Saleh was where the king ruled a centralized government aided by nobles and an army equipped with Iron weapons

Ghana

In Africa, the spread of ________ added to religious diversity, where animism and Christianity were already practiced

Islam

By the end of the 13th century , a massive wall of stone , surrounded the capital city became known as the ________ ________, the first wall to be built without mortar. Inside the wall, most of the royal's city resided inside made with stone. It was abandoned  due to uts damage

Great Zimbabwe

Sometime before 1000, in what is now Nigeria, people of the Hausa ethnic group formed seven states know as the ________ ________. These states were loosely connected through kinship ties and had no central authority. People established prospering city-states, each having a speciality 

Hausa Kingdoms

War prisoners, debtors, and criminals were often enslaved. A strong demand in the Middle East for enslaved workers resulted in an ________ ________ ________ ________ between East Africa and Middle East. Enslaved Africans known as zanj provided valuable labor on sugar plantations in Mesopotamia, however between 869 and 883, there were series of revolts known as ________ ________. This led to the capture of the city Basra.

Indian Ocean Slave Trade, Zanj Rebellion

In East Africa, architecture demonstrated the growing wealth of a kingdom. An example would be the "zimbabwes" which lead to one of the most powerful Eastern Africa kingdoms in the 12th to 15th century known as _____________, situated between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers in modern-day  Zimbabwe and Mozambique

Zimbabwe

By the 12th century, after Ghanian states were weaken, new trading societies such as _____ emerged. Its ruler Sundiata, thought to  Muslim and used that faith to establish trade relationships. Under his rule, this state's wealth increased with gold trade. His nephew Mansa Musa made a pilgrimage in Mecca where his lavish displays of gold left a lasting impression

Mali

Christianity had spread from its origins along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea south into Egypt and beyond. In what is today ________, the kingdom of Axum, where it prospered by trading goods obtained from India, Arabia, the Roman Empire, and the interior of Africa. They expressed there power through architecture with creation of 11 massive churches made of rock. They independently created their known Christianity called Ethiopian Christianity.     

Ethiopia

Similar to Ghana and Mali, Zimbabwe had rich gold fields and taxes on the transport of gold made the kingdom wealthy. However unlike Ghana and Mali who had land based trade, Zimbabwe traded with coastal cities like Mombasa, Kilwa, and Mogadishu and were tied into the ________ ________ ________, connected to Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia. With the blend of Bantu and Arabic developed ________, spoken by various groups in African Great Lakes 

Indian Ocean Trade, Swahili 

African religions included ________ ________, songs that provided a means of communicating with ancestors. ________ were storytellers who told stories about family lineage and lives of great leaders and were accompanied by music . They were also used for consoling for political mattes

ancestor veneration, griots

The development of Sub-Saharan Africa was heavily shaped by the migrations of ________ ________ people outward from west-central Africa. By 1000, most of the region had adopted agriculture. 

Bantu-speaking people

The _________ were descendents of the Vikings who settled in northwestern France. Its ruler William the Conqueror invaded England and organized a feudal system. It created a fusion of Norman and Anglo-Saxon people --> creating modern English people

Normans

In 1054, the Christian Church divided into two branches, a split known as the _________ _________. The Roman Catholic continued to dominate most of Europe while the Orthodox Chruch in the east, from Greece to Russia 

Great Schism 

___________, ___________,  ___________ shaped societies in Europe. But, Jews faced discrimination with anitsetism and were expelled because they were seen as untrustworthy and outsides. Muslims faced discrimination in Spain by Spanish king expelling them if they did not convert

Christianity, Islam, and Judaism

_______ _______ was an Italian merchant who skyrocketed interest in China

Marco Polo

The _______ _______ was when Venetians sacked Zara along with Constantinople after they could not pay debt

Fourth Crusade

Large fiefs were known as manors. The _________ _________ provided economic self-sufficiency and defense. It produced everything that people living on it required, limited trade or contact with outsiders. _________ usually worked on these manors and were tied to these lands, even though they were not considered slaves. In exchange for the manor, they had to pay tribute to the king in crops, labor, or coin

manorial system, serfs

The _______ _______ _______ disturbed agriculture with lower temperatures and increased disease and unemployment --> antisemitism 

Little Ice Age

European civilization in the Middle Ages was characterized by a decentralized political organization based on a system of exchange of land for loyalty known as _________. Here, the monarch would offer fiefs(grants of land) to lords and those lords became the kings vassal. Lords provided land to knights and those knights became vassals of the lord and pledged to fight for the lord or king. Lords would provide protection to peasants, which peasants would farm on their lands and provide the lord with crops and livestock. System was based on agriculture, meaning that wealth was measured in land. This was created after the viking era

feudalism

In Eastern Europe, extensive trade in furs, fish, and grain connected people from Scandinavia to the Mediterranean to Central Asia due the _______ ___________, who had close relationship to the east because it adopted Orthodox Christianity.

Kievan Rus

The _________ Renaissance taking place in Italy and Spain was known for the Divine Comedy, critiquing corrupt religious leaders

Southern Renaissance

The _________ were holy wars in Europe that took place in the Middle East between 1095 - 1200s. This was initiated by the pope and people who took part were promised heaven

Crusades

The ____________ was a period characterized by a revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature . They were able to study manuscripts that had been written many centuries earlier

Ex: Johannas Gutenburg invented the printing press --> literary helped growth of ideas

Renaissance 

The _________ _________ Church was the most powerful institution in Europe. Church staff were the only people who knew how to read and write . Most manors had a small church and a priest. Christianity provide people a shared identity

Roman Catholic

____________ was when Roman Catholic  Church in the West maintained a degree of independence from state authority that served to check the powers of kings and lords

Caesaropapism

The _________ _________ _________ between the 1337 and 1453 was between the monarch of England and France. On each side, serving under a monarch fostered a sense of unity among soldiers  and the war demonstrated the spreading of gunpowder weapons, who had been invented by the Chinese and spread west by the Mongols

Hundred Years' War

The _________ of the church became a part of the economic of Western Europe since it had same functions of agriculture and protection and women could become nuns

monasteries

T/F Churches established the first universities in Europe, most students were religious leaders. They also had a lot of power in the feudal society  and had their know hierarchal system 

True

______ lived in the Iberian Peninsula and were exilled  from western and central Europe. Muslim were also discriminated against if they did not convert to Christianity. Women rights eroded as particall thinking came, but some became artisan and members of guilds

Jews

Agriculture became more efficient with the _________ _________ _________, in which crops were rotated through three field. One field was planted with wheat or rye, crops that provide food. The second field was planted with legumes such as peas, lentils, or beans which made the soil more fertile with nitrogen. The third field was unused. Other tech developments included windmills and new types of plow, leading to population growth

three field system

In the later middle ages, monarchies grew more powerful at the expense of feudal lords by employing a bureaucracy and a military. In France, King Phillip II & IV used _________ _________, who would advise the king in France as representative from different estates. However, they had little power. In the Holy Roman Empire, German king Otto I successors struggled with a ____ _________ _________(if the secular leader could invest bishops with the symbols of office). Ended with Concordat of Worms of 1122. 

estate general, lay investor controversy 

The _________ _________ required the king to respect certain right, such as the right to be consulted on the issue of scutage. In 1265, the _________ _________ was formed with the House of Lord(Church nobles) and House of Commons(Wealthy people) 

Magna Carta, English Parliament 

After the Roman Empire fell in thr 5th and 6th century, Western Europe entered the Middle Ages with the Roman Catholic Church remaining powerful. However, between 1000 to 1450, learning and trade began to revive in Europe, which was known as the _________ _________ _________.

High Middle Ages

The _______ _______ was when the European army conquered Jerusalem. This lead to cultural exchanges between Europe and the Middle East. This also strengthened the pope's power

First Crusade

The ____________ Renaissance emphasized human concerns. An example would be the The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer

Northern Renaissance