Section 1
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chemical modifications
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Cards (53)
Section 1
(50 cards)
chemical modifications
change in pH, use of buffer, complexation and salt formation, pH change can cause some drugs to precipitate
solution with heat
common methods, absence of volatile agents or those components damaged by heat, rapid preparation, excessive heating
solubilization
__ involves breaking of intermolecular bonds in sole, interaction between solvent
physical, chemical
stability of solutions __: retain clarity, color, odor, taste and viscosity over its shelf life __: no degradation of drug mcirobiolobal
water
solvent, used as a vehicle and solvent for medicinal agents, flavoring agents, no pharma activity, tasteless, widely available, low cost
solution by chemical reaction
prepared by reacting tow or more solutes in a suitable solvent, calcium lactate mixture
syrups
concentrated aqueous preparations of a sugar or sugar-substitute with or without flavoring agents and medicinal substances, alternative to solid dosage forms
topical
collodions, lotions
mouth, throat
mouth washes, gargles, throat sprays
simple solution
dissolve, other ingredients to stabile or solubilize the active ingredient
pharmacist
__ role in solution dosage form, extemporaneously compound a solution from bulk components, reconstitute dry powder mixtures, dilute concentration, dispense prepared
bulky, accurate, stability
disadvantages of solutions 1. __, difficult to transport and store 2. needs an __ spoon to measure the dose 3. __, major changes of instability are color change, precipitation, microbial growth, cgas formation
chloroform
miscible with alcohol, e there, benzene, hexane, both fixed and volatile oils
acetone
miscible with water, alcohol, either, chloroform, and most of the volatile oils
tonicity modifers
solutions for injection, application to mucous membrane, large-volume solutions for ophthalmic application
proper choice
__ of solvent depends on physiochemical poeroprtieis of solute like pka, physicochemical like pH and viscosity, purpose of solution
oral
syrups, elixirs, drops
masks taste
syrups __, sweetener and flagrant, visosity, soothing effect, antitussive surfs
crystal habit
modifications in the __, polymorphs, amorphous and co-crystaliization
invert sugar
dextrose and levulose, readily fermentable than sucrose, darken in color
solubility
the maximum concentration of a substance that may be completely dissolved in a given solvent at a given temperature and pressure
glycerin
glycerol, clear syrupy liquid with sweet taste, miscible with water and alcohol, good solvent for tennis, phenol, and boric acid
parabens
esters of p-hdyroxbenzoic acid, widely used in pharmaceutical products, effective and stable over a pH fringe f 3-8, concentrations about 1
preservatives
__ should be effective against a wide spectrum of microorganisms, compatible with the ingredients in the dosage form, stable for its shelf life, nontoxic, free of taste and odor
physicochemical
solutions may be prepared from any COMBO of solid, liquid, and gas
propylene glycol
miscible with water, acetone, alcohol, glycols
contamination
preservatives, sources of __ are raw materials, equipment, environmental personnel, consumer use
1 gram
USP expresses that sobluiltiy in terms of the volume of solvent required to dissolve __ of the drug at a specified temperature
sugar based
__ syrup, sucrose and cane sugar, glycogenic, sorbitol and glycerin may be added to prevent crystallization of sucrose
polyhedric alcohols
sorbitol, mannitol, glycerol, used for diabetes
viscosity enhancers
increase residence time
artificial sweeteners
__ and non-nutritive scripts, viscosity builders, non glycogenic, diabetic, restricted diet patients
particle size
__ reduction, small particles dissolve faster than large
antioxidants
propyl and octl esters of gallic acid, vitamin E, ascorbic acid
benzoic acid, sorbic acid
low solubility in water, concentration range form 0.1% to 0.5%, only non-ionized form is effective, use restricted to preparations iwht pH below 4.5
propylene glycol
solvent in oral solutions and topical preparations, preservative concentration range of 15-30%, not volatile like ethanol
swallow, quick, homogenous, irritant
advantages of solutiosn 1. easy to _ for infants and children 2. __ absorption compared to tablets and capsules 3. ___ and give uniform dose 4. minimize __ action of some drugs in GI
additives
__ in solution includes preservatives, antioxidants, sweeting agents, buffers, tonicity modifiers, viscosity enhancers, flavorings and colorants
buffers
used to resist change in pH
body cavities
ear/eye drops, nasal sprays, enamas
physical modifications
particle size reduction, modification of the crystal habit, drug dispersion in carriers
miscellaneous methods
use of adjuvant like surfactant, use of cosolvents, solubilizes,s supercritical fluid process and novel excipients
sucrose
most widely used, colorless, highly water soluble , stable over a wide pH, increase viscosity, masks both salty and bitter taste
benzalkonium chloride
relatively low concentration of 0.002 to 0.02%, optimal activity over pH range of 4 to 10, stable at most temperatures, incompatible with many anionic compounds due to their cationic nature
alcohol
good solvent for many organic substances 94.9 - 96% alcohol, limits 0.5, 5, 10 for OTC, children, adults
solutions
simplest system, basis for all other formulations
pharmaceutically
liquid pharmaceutical formulations that contain one or more active ingredients dissolved in a suitable solvent or mixture or miscible solvents
ethanol
useful as a preservative, high concentrations for effectiveness
solution components
drug, solvents, additives
two
frequently use __ esters in combo to achieve total concentration higher, synergistic effects
Section 2
(3 cards)