Section 1
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maximize immune response (cytotoxic) trigger infected cell death or phagocytosis
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Last updated
6 years ago
Date created
Mar 1, 2020
Cards (157)
Section 1
(50 cards)
maximize immune response (cytotoxic) trigger infected cell death or phagocytosis
t-cells (helper)
heart failure/ MI
cardiogenic shock
mostly fluid, low protein, low specific gravity
transudate
pro-apoptosis gene (i.e. RB, p53, BCL-2)
tumor suppressor gene
most common oncogene abnormality
RAS
1. hypercoagulability - most common cause if prothrombin mutation 2. abnormal blood flow- stasis and turbulence of flow through vessels, wbc and platelets contact endothelium 3. abnormal endothelium- normal endothelium has huge amounts of anticoagulant mechanisms, injured/abnormal has increased procoagulants, decreased anticoagulants
virchow triad- three factors predispose to thrombus formation
poorly differentiated more aggressive, easier to treat
high grade
extent of disease, poweful indicator of prognosis
stage
long-lived; cause rapid response to previously exposed antigen
memory cell
common with tuberculosis and histoplasmosis; cheesy appearance; granuloma
caseous necrosis
applies to limb that loses blood supply; coagulative like, but more tissue planes wet= infection leads to liquefaction dry= tissue dries out, dark, black, mummified
gangrenous necrosis
caused by antibodies directed against self-antigens on cell surfaces/ecm leads to phagocytosis of the cell; activation of the complement system --> inflammation
Type 2- antibody- mediated
programmed cell death
apoptosis
- inappropriate activation of the hemostatic process - occlude/obstruct vessel or can break off and travel - sources of thromboemboli
causes of thrombosis
denatured proteins/enzymes so cannot lyse dead cells; appears as boiled meat
coagulative necrosis
backup of blood in the lungs, pulmonary edema decreased plasma osmotic pressure- fluid back into vessel
left ventricular heart failure
- cell response within the normal range of homeostasis - mild, return to original state - swelling or fatty change
reversible cell injury
localised, cannot metastasize excise--> cure
benign neoplasms
what does TNM stand for in staging system
T- tumor size N- extent of regional lymph node mestastases M- distant metastases present or absent
complete digestion of dead cells to viscous liquid mass; bacterial/fungal association; common to brain infarcts
liquefactive necrosis
well differentiated (resembles the normal cell type) less aggressive, but harder to treat
low grade
- insufficient ATP production by mito - lost plasma membrane function - nuclear function lost - necrosis/ apoptosis
back up of blood in the body, edema in legs, sacrum
right ventricular heart failure
reduced albumin
protein malnutrition
rubor (redness) calor (heat) tumor (swelling) dolor (pain) functio laesa (loss of function)
signs of inflammation
non-specific i.e. epithelium, neurtrophils, macrophages, NK cells, complement
innate
liquefactive necrosis caused by lipolytic enzymes; common to pancreas; saponification
fat necrosis
rich in protein, high specific gravity
exudate
exogenous vital processes inhibited, multiple cells, swollen cells, ruptured membrane, inflammatory response
necrosis
invades local tissues, metastasize
malignant neoplasm
circumscribed collection of epithelioid histiocytes
granuloma
delayed reaction, macrophage activation--> granuloma formation
Type IV T-cell mediated
accumulation of fluid in body cavities
edema
IgE released and binds to mast cells (activation of mast cells happens on re-exposure to antigen) vasodilation and vascular permeability increase; smooth muscle spasm (asthma); cellular infiltration allergic reaction
Type I- Immediate/allergy
create antibody to previous antigen exposure
plasma cell
similar function to neutrophils, but slower; react w/ basophil in allergic reactions (Hay fever, asthma, parasites) chronic inflammation
eosinophils
DVT, blocked venous return, backup of blood, distends the blood vessel, forces fluid through capillaries
occlusion of vein
involved in IgE mediated allergic reactions; precursors to mast cells; contain vasoactive substances (i.e. histamine) in cytoplasm
basophil
degree of differentiation
grade
anaphylactic shock
hypotonic shock
fatty acids bind with calcium to get calcium soaps
saponification
most numerous, first to appear in acute inflammation; mobile, bactericidal activity phagocytosis, cytokine production (IL-1)
neutrophil
appear 3-4 days after inflammation begins; long-lived and involved in chronic inflammation; phagocytosis, secrete cytokines
macrophage
reduced albumin synthesis
liver disease
drive by the complex between ab/ag immune complexes that are deposited into various tissues and lead to an overwhelming inflammatory response
Type III immune-complex- mediated
mass formed in flowing blood
thrombosis
humoral- Bcells cell mediated- T cells
adaptive (acquired, specific)
blood vessel associated; complexes of antigens and anitbodies deposited in wall
fibrinoid necrosis
blood volume loss
hypovolemic
can cause excessive prolifereation/growth. they are mutated protooncogenes. Can act on any level in cell proliferation (i.e. RAS & BCR-ABL)
oncogenes
Section 2
(50 cards)
h. influenzae in kids, get vaccine to decrease incidence
acute bacterial epiglottitis
most common cause for chronic gastritis, not associated with acute gastritis
h. pylori
asbestos (no association with smoking)
malignant mesothelioma
(common cold) caused by viruses
acute rhinitis
most common cause of cyanosis in newborns (blue babies)
tetralogy of fallot
guardian of the genome
P53
rapid and sudden occlusion of coronary artery
infarction
associated with rhinitis, mono, ebv, if severe, tonsilitis (strep or adenovirus)
acute pharyngitis
non- immune mediated bronchospasm, mucus production, edema, wheezing, dyspnea w/ expiration; most do not die; can die if no response to therapy
intrinsic asthma
most common subtype for non-smokers
adenocarcinoma
tuberculosis most common 2ndary cause
HIV
vocal cord nodules (singers polyps), laryngeal papilloma (1 in adults, many in children), squamous cell carcinoma (>40 y/o male, smoke drink)
laryngeal tumors
intra-alveolar polymorphonuclear cells
typical pneumonia
pathogenesis is relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter
GERD
interstitial, mononuclear cells, less sputum and leukocytes than bacterial pneumonia mycoplasma, chlamydia, and many types of viruses Chest cold= life threatening severe in infants and old people, immunosupressed people
atypical pneumonia
hole in between left and right = high left side pressure
atrial septal defects
the end point of many diseases causes forward failure (not pumping enough blood to circulation backward failure)
congestive failure
central/proximal alveoli, worse in upper lobes, smoking
centriacinar (COPD)
staph, strep, h. influenzae -URI
2ndary bacterial infection
most cancer deaths in both men and women
lung cancer
consequence of myocardial infarction is _________ shock
cardiogenic
consolidation of lung parenchyma, strep staph, klebsiella, legionella, haemophylus, pseudomonas
acute bacterial pneumonia
caused by infection, NSAIDs, allergies, or burn victims
Acute gastritis
caseating granuloma (tubercle), type IV hypersensitivity rxn
mycobacterium tuberculosis
lung apex lesion, caseation, 5-10% of primary TB becomes
secondary (reactivation) TB
most common gram negative rod associated with acute bacterial pneumonia
klebsiella
persistent productie cough for at least 3 consecutive months in at least 2 consecutive years
chronic bronchitis
wrong connection to outflow of tracts, causes cyanosis
trnaposition of great arteries
__________ is the most sensitive enzyme in MI
troponin
permanent enlarged airspace w/ airspace wall damage
emphysema
parainfluenza virus or respiratory syncytial virus
laryngotracheobronchitis
strong association with smoking- early metastasis
small cell carcinoma
most heart attacks are caused by
coronary artery thrombosis
chronic inflammation of airwaym exaggerated bronchoconstrictor response more common in kids that adults
asthma
usually precedes heart failure
Hypertension
type 1 hypersensitivity, atopic (most common)
extrinsic asthma
squamous cell carcinoma, carcinoma association with EBV
nasopharyngeal carcinoma
right side hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension. most common let to right shunt
ventricular septal defects
distal acinus (respiratory bronchioles to terminal alveoli) worse in lower lobes, alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
panacinar
associated with inhaling irritant, allergy, common cold, TB,
acute laryngitis
caused by left sided heart failure and resultant pulmonary HTN causes decreased cardiac output, peripheral edema, nutmeg live
right sided heart failure, cor pulmonale
most common congenital heart disease
left to right shunt- oxygenated blood goes to right side deoxygenated
most common benign tumor (lung)
hamartoma
atherosclerosis cardiomegaly- thicken muscle fibers (hypertrophy) cor pulmonale- isolated R-sided heart failure
consequences of HTN
ghon complex often calcifies
Primary TB
barking cough, often in children
croup
caused by oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, smoking, pollution, usually near hilum, aggressice, males more common, metastasis to lymph nodes
bronchogenic carcinoma
caused by ischemia heart disease, HTN, valve disease
left sided heart failure
most common malignant tumor (lug)
metastatic
distal airspaces, worse in upper lobes, no airway obstruction
distal acinar
Section 3
(50 cards)
what is the difference between an in situ carcinoma and an invasive carcinoma at the histological level?
in situ is bound by the epithelial basement membrane
primary site of metastasis of osteosarcomas
knee
signs of skin carcinoma
asymmetry, irregular borders, color variation, and diameter >6 mm
chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disease (no granuloma) limited to rectum and colon bloody diarrhea, toxic megacolon
ulcerative colitis
most common cause of hypothyroidism in western world. autoimmune destruction of thyroid
hashimotos thyroiditis
what syndrome is the result of hypercorticolism
cushing syndrome
chronic granulomatous constrictive disease. transmural inflammation because discontinuous through GI tract and oral cavity and also ocular and dermatologic skip lesions, fistulas, terminal ileum
crohns disease
sign of liver dysfunction, from retention of bilirubin
jaundice
comes from C cells of the thyroid, not follicular produces calcitonin
medullary carcinoma
most common malignant tumor of all pearly papule
basal cell carcinoma
growth hormone producing adenoma results in
gigantisism- children acromegaly- adults
too much acth
cushings disease
problem with the adrenal gland that makes the cortex unable to produce adrenocortical insufficiency decreased cortisol and increased acth due to lack of feed back increased melanin
addisons disease
ADH deficiency
central diabetes insipidus
most common pituitary adenoma
prolactinoma
symptoms of cirrhosis
anorexia, weight loss, hepatic failure
reduction in bone mass
osteoporosis
gastric carcinoma caused by metaplasia, h. pylori, diet
barretts esophagus
most common site of an adenocarcinoma of the breast
upper outer quadrant
most common abdominal mesenchymal tumor arises from interstitial cells of cajal
gastrointestinal stromal tumor
polyuria, polydypsia, polyphagia, ketoacidosis, ketonuria common in children
DM I
most common cause of hyperthyroidism
graves disease
hypothyroidism develops in infancy/early childhood. severe intellectual impairment. common in areas with low dietary iodine
cretinism
most common benign breast tumor more common in younger women, well-circumscribed, no malignant transformation
fibroadenoma
end stage liver disease, caused by alcohol abuse, hep c, autoimmune hepatitis, biliary disease iron overload
cirrhosis
2nd most common malignant tumor
squamous cell carcinoma
kidneys do not respond to ADH
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
main pathogen of osteomyelitis
s. aureus
most are beningn, 1 nodule is worse than multiple, nodules are painless
thyroid cancer
HPV 16 & 18 cause?
carcinoma (of cervix also associated with carcinoma of Waldeye's Ring)
most common primary malignant tumor of bone
osteosarcoma
most common malignant thyroid hallmark: orphan annie nuclei & psammoma bodies
papillary carcinoma
breast cancer risk factors
first degree relatives, breastfeeding possibly decreases risk
most common malignant breast carcinoma
adenocarcinoma
oral-fecal spread, 50% US cases, low mortality, poor sanitation
Hep A
most common (non-skin) female cancer
malignant breast carcinoma
polyuria, polydypsia, hyperosmolar nonketotic coma, most common type of DM, common in adults
DM II
transmitted via bloody secretions, vertical transmission during birth, horizontal (needles, sex)
Hep B
most common site for ectopic pregnancy
fallopian tube
teratomas are ususally _______
benign
tinea pedia
athletes foot- fungal infection
severe dehydration, always thirsty
Diabetes insipidus
most common benign thyroid, well formed capsule
follicular adenoma
often result of bacterial infection involving inflammation of the uterus, fallopian tube, and/or ovaries. can lead to adhesions in the peritoneum, greatly increases risk of ectopic implantation
Pelvic inflammatory disease
most common cause of hyperpituitarism
anterior lobe adenoma
viral skin infections include?
molluscum contagiousum (pox viruses verruca vulgaris- wart (HPV 6 & 11)
most common bacterial infection of the skin?
staphylococcus- impetigo, scalded skin syndrome
most common site for extranodal lymphoma
stomach
HPV 6 & 11 cause ?
genital warts (condylomata acuminata)
osteoclast dysfunction resulting in distorted weakened bone
pagets disease
Section 4
(7 cards)